The Career Of A Civil Engineer - 1602 Words

As Corrie Ten Boom once said â€Å"When a train goes through a tunnel and it gets dark, you don t throw away the ticket and jump off. You sit still and trust the engineer.† Engineering has always been an interesting job for many people, dealing with how structures stand and what makes them stand draws a large amount of people towards this career. Engineers aren t just responsible for the shape of a building, but they must bear the responsibility of the structural stability of the building as well. They keep these structures safe for the people while meeting the design standards given, this requires a tremendous amount of skill in physics, problem solving, and three-dimensional conceptual skills to assist them during the challenges that they†¦show more content†¦Combine all the responsibility for making sure that everything is safe and there will be no problems years after the project is finished, they also have to meet all regulations and guidelines that are given by the employer and the state. Moving past all the general duties, there are countless other small, specific responsibilities that engineers undertake. An average day is filled with inspecting the goals of the project, doing the math to make sure everything will stand sturdy and be safe, and they also have to go out onto the site and make sure that everything fits together and there will be no problems. Civil engineers must be prepared to follow the project from start to finish, they need to be willing to endure extra hours and make any changes that seem necessary to complete the project while ensuring the safety of the people. The average civil engineer works full time, and about one in four engineers work more than forty hours a week, which could be even more depending on their role and position on the construction job. The hours vary between engineers, however, with more responsibility, the engineers must also be willing to work extra hours to complete what they have started. Engineering is a very experienced based job, so there are not a large number of qualifications except the ability to gain experience over time and some college education. To become a civil engineer, you need to obtain a bachelor s degree in college and study in

Questions On E Commerce Fraud - 1221 Words

E-commerce fraud refers to any type of scheme that uses websites, emails, or any Internet related function in order to present fraudulent solicitations, steal personal information, conduct fraudulent transactions, or transmit money from bank to bank or to other cyber criminals. Fraud is not exclusive to credit or debit cards and criminals have become more sophisticated in their usage of malware in order to take over online banking logins via consumers’ phones, tablets and computers. The stolen banking information is then used to make fraudulent purchases online that is nearly untraceable. There are different places e-commerce fraud comes from including, identity theft, friendly, clean, reshipping, affiliate, and auction fraud. Identity theft is a crime where criminals steal individuals’ personal information and impersonate them, usually for financial gain (Beal, 2016). Today’s consumers’ have to reveal their personal information about themselves more than they would like, such as social security numbers, names, addresses, phone numbers, banking information, and their signatures. When a criminal gains access to this personal information they can use it to commit fraud in your name. This person can now apply for loans or credit card accounts. They could also request a billing address change in order to run up your existing credit card without a consumer’s knowledge (Beal, 2016). Criminals armed with your banking information can counterfeit checks and debit cards in your name,Show MoreRelatedInternational Trade As A Tool For International Business1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe case study in chapter fourteen asks some very important questions regarding international trade as SME and MNE evolve globally due to technology. Therefore as international business continues to evolve companies are find easier ways to find importers and exporters from the comfort of their offices without the costly methods of travel and due diligences trying to find reputable companies to handle their needs. Using a variety of sources I will analyze international trade through the use of websitesRead MoreePayments and eCommerce: Assignment1310 Words   |  6 PagesPart A: Short-Answer Questions (50 marks total) Your answer to each question should be one or two paragraphs long. Each question is worth a total of five marks. 1. What types of e-payment systems should B2C merchants support? many customers are still very afraid to purchase online because of the security issues that s why it s very good to have more than one payment method, payment methods include E-cheques, credit cards, Gift cards, and the best one from my point of view because it sRead MoreElectronic Commerce ( E Commerce )1286 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities (E-business, eEurope, n.d). More and more companies have discovered the advantage of using the Internet as a communication tool to reach consumers at any place and at any time. This also enables consumers to search and gather information about products and services online. The word e-commerce refers to all transactions online. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the area in which we are to do our research and throughout this dissertation we will discuss consumer trust in e-commerce. The termRead MoreHow Has E Commerce Changed The Way The World Operates?1407 Words   |  6 PagesHow has E-Commerce changed the way the world operates? Electronic commerce (E-Commerce) is a term for the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Today, people frequently buy or exchange goods and services internationally; the barrier between countries has been removed. It is true that E-commerce makes people’s lives more convenient; however, it has also created challenges with online fraud. As thisRead MoreP1 Describe The Technologies Required For E Commerce1664 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 1 Client information P1 Describe the technologies required for e-commerce The technologies required for an e-commerce are as follows: server software, pc, and database, web authoring tools, web server, ports, TCP/IP and the browsers. I will be explaining why these technologies are required for an e-commerce. Web servers A web server is a PC that opens pages on a browser on request. It sends the web address of the page that has been requested to the web browser. They have an IP addressRead MoreThe Viable Alternative of Mobile Payments1387 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Question #1 Mobile payments allow certain freedoms that previous technologies could not accomplish. Laudon Travor (2011) discussed how digital information security is extremely important in providing a market where certain levels of expectations may be met. Stakeholders within the payment systems must be reassured that a fair and honest transaction can be reasonably executed. In my home country of Nigeria, it is understood that this market is well established and is thriving. The purpose ofRead MoreClothing Stores E-Commerce Implementation: Case Study1439 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Clothing Stores e-commerce Introduction It is not easy developing an e-commerce business which will assess the determination and commitment of any person that has put up a business in the past. With 1000 dollars, the Clothing Store intends to build a domain and start on e-commerce. The e-commerce has only begun booming in the recent years, and has proved very successful. Among the businesses that started online is the eBay online supermarket. The most important part in starting an online businessRead MoreCase Scenario1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdraft the distribution contract that would formalize their agreement. However, before Chou could finish the draft, he received an e-mail from the BTT manager. The e-mail with the subject line â€Å"Strat Deal,† focused on the key points of the distribution agreement between both parties, including the price, time frames, and obligations of both parties. After receiving this e-mail, Chou incorrectly assumed that BTT wanted to draft the contract. Thus Chou stopped working on the draft and a month passedRead MoreEffects of User’s Perceived Security on their Usage of Online Banking and e-Payment Facilities912 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful outcome of their e-payment. The lack of online privacy and security perceived by consumers has created a void in their interest and usage of retail e-payment methods. Majority of consumers are not comfortable or willing to divulge sensitive financial and personal data to a virtual storefront. Additionally financial risks such as lost purchases and fraud have made consumers wary in purchasing online. Despite advancement in technologies to improve e-commerce securities and protection ofRead MoreSocial Media: Discussion Questions1533 Words   |  6 PagesPurchasing and selling is a very crucial area that is now being controlled by the social media. Face book started as a social network site but now hosts businesses and advertisements. In my opinion, it is one of the most common and most popular. Question 1: Discuss the four (4) components of a legally astute social media marketing manager who utilizes social media outlets for consumer transactions and how each component can mitigate the risk involved in doing business in cyberspace. A social media

Canadian Writer Sinclair Ross

Question: What is the Eminent Canadian Writer Sinclair Ross? Answer : Introducation Published in the year of 1941, the novel often referred to as a classic novel, As for me and My House, is written by the eminent Canadian writer Sinclair Ross [1]. Often regarded as the mainstream of the English Canadian writing, the novel revolves around the life of Mrs. Bentley whose narration spanning over a year suggests how the false- fronted lives she encounters in her life resembles the false-fronted stores of Horizon, a small Saskatchewan town, she has been trying to make a living with her husband, an artist turned minister Philip Bentley. While most of the critics tend to discuss the novel in the light of the character of Mr. Bentley, a failed minister as well as a potential artist, it is the daily challenge that Mrs. Bentley encounters on a regular basis that leaves a poignant note behind. As the critic John H. Ferres has pointed out the major challenge encountered by Mrs. Bentley has been the lack of communication with her husband. Mrs. Bentley literally strives to crave her identity, feels the need to be heard, amidst the desolate wilderness of the prairie and yet all in vain. Her co-dependent relation with her husband, who shuts her out continually, despite her efforts to attract his attention and yet her failure to express herself early without protesting through her journal, is the major challenge Mrs. Bentley encounters in the novel. Mrs. Bentley fails to communicate her depressed and despondent state of mind, as she relies on behaving the womans way, overlooking advices from neighbours like Mrs. Bird. Mrs. Bentley remains a docile woman, who fails to protest against her husbands lack of devotion towards her, except in a passive-aggressive way whereby she records events in her journal. However, that is in itself representative of the moral weakness of a woman who fails to stand up and express her feelings, grudges and desires before her husband, and thus chooses the silent way. In order to respond to the challenge of her life, Mrs. Bentley writes her diary or turns her attention to play the piano as part of her lifetime pursuit. It is to be noted that unlike the protagonist Ellen of The Lamp at Noon, Mrs Bentley does not stand still and motionless near the window once her husband is out, and rather she tries to create her own space in her life and search for a purpose to live further [2]. However, it is equally important to note that despite the latent feminist subconscious mind she possesses, Mrs Bentley suffers from a sense of oppression that tends to stifle her independent personality each day. She finds herself stuck in a harsh, patriarchal society where she tends to find the meaning of her husband through the approval of a male-dominated society. She accepts the social division of labour, and deems it right to stop doing the male work, blames herself for not being able to bear the child for which her husband had to adopt a child amidst poverty. She res ponds to the challenge of her life, by marginalizing her position, and surrendering her own dignity and self-esteem, while letting Philip be the man about the house[3]. Mrs Bentley is well-aware of the tensed relation existent between herself and her husband, and yet her sense of possessiveness, prevents her from communicating the issue to her husband. She could express herself more fiercely and aggressively had she been able to convey her thoughts directly to Mr. Bentley, rather than writing them down in the diary. She always has responded to the challenge of her life in a passive way, whereby she invites Paul or other people repeatedly only because she feels that the arrival of a new person in the house can defuse or obscure the marital tension[4]. In this way, her inability to communicate remains a major barrier to her prospect of leading a free life, and the way she manages or rather tries to respond to these challenges, shows merely the aggressive side of her life. While Philip is being continually compared with a horse, with a free, independent and untamed spirit, the reader finds Mrs. Bentley trying, to subdue a man, to bind him to her [5]. S he tries to be a good wife, while losing her voice, her independence and freedom, and this in turn transforms her life into a void, involving an infertile, barren situation. To conclude, it is to be noted that Mrs. Bentley encounters the problem of a disturbed marital life, not merely because her husband is unresponsive, but also because in her effort to act in the womans way, she fails to communicate her desires and needs, both sexual and emotional, to her husband. She can only think of inciting jealousy in her husband or look out vigilantly for her competitors, instead of re-constructing herself, and this is the only challenge she confronts that prevents her from seeking a better life. Reference List: Mandell, Nancy, and Jennifer L. Johnson. "RACE, CLASS, AND SExUALITY." (2016). Sorensen, Sue. "He thinks hes failed Representations of Christian Clergy in English Canadian Fiction."Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses43.4 (2014): 553-574. Thieme, John. "Writing Region: Robert Kroetsch and the Poetics of Prairie Space."Margins3.1 (2014). Van Herk, Aritha. "A gentle circumcision."Kunapipi7.2 (2017): 10. Van Herk, Aritha. "Women writers and the prairie: Spies in an indifferent landscape."Kunapipi6.2 (2016): 4. [1] Van Herk, Aritha. "A gentle circumcision."Kunapipi7.2 (2017): 10. [2] Thieme, John. "Writing Region: Robert Kroetsch and the Poetics of Prairie Space."Margins3.1 (2014). [3] Van Herk, Aritha. "Women writers and the prairie: Spies in an indifferent landscape."Kunapipi6.2 (2016): 4. [4] Mandell, Nancy, and Jennifer L. Johnson. "RACE, CLASS, AND SExUALITY." (2016). [5] Sorensen, Sue. "He thinks hes failed Representations of Christian Clergy in English Canadian Fiction."Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses43.4 (2014): 553-574.

Amp Financial Company of Australia and New Zealand

Question: Discuss about theAmp Financial Company of Australia and New Zealand. Answer: Introduction This research study analyzes the business of the AMP Financial Company and also evaluates their financial data (Kelly et al., 2016). In the recent days, the AMP Financial Company leads the entire wealth management industry in Australia and New Zealand. The AMP Financial Company helps their customers by providing them financial advice, superannuation services for the business of their customers, retirement income, investments on individual products, life insurance, income protection, etc. The most important business significance of this AMP financial company is to provide services to their customers regarding all banking issues such as income protection, financial advice, selection procedure of banking products, investments in share, property, fixed interest and multi-asset funds, etc. For the AMP financial company their main motto is to understand the customer needs and provide them a good quality service which leads to their satisfaction (Buckless Krawczyk, 2016). The AMP financial company mainly helps the other business firms by researching the financial factors which help the firm to develop and improved in future. By accepting the advice and service of AMP financial company the business firms can able to get a better quality product at reasonable price and also can able to improve the standard of their firms. By analyzing the financial data the AMP financial company helps those business firms to maintain a good reputation and corporate image within the market and also helps them to gain a high level of profitability (Abhayawansa, Guthrie, 2014). The AMP financial company also helps the government through paying revenue on profit and all types of service taxes. Main Context Literature Review In this research study, the researchers want to expand the knowledge which is related to the study of the business procedure and about the financial information of the AMP Financial Company (Chan Ryan, 2013). By the help of literature review, different literature sources and theories are reviewed for collecting the useful data or information about the research topic. By reviewing that literature the researchers can able to make a better quality research study through which a clear idea about the topic can be derived easily. The research study will undergo various terms that will help in detail explanation of the selected topic (Yang, 2012). In the recent days, there are several numbers of financial institutions which are operating throughout every country. The AMP Financial Company have to follow three numbers of general observations about the literature review before discussing the individual approaches towards the development of the financial system of the company. Firstly, it bec omes more necessary to review the literature with extra caution. The recommendations within the study suggest that the countries should also need to introduce some improvement and development and also adopt innovative ideas within their organization (Berk et al. 2013). Secondly, the literature reflects that the donors and the governments have followed an approach which leads to the supply of finance and can able to emphasize the rate of increase of supply and also reduce the rate of loan cost in some specific sectors (Ghasemy et al. 2016). Thirdly the final observation is the donors and the governments have also shied away from the using of the private sectors for providing financial services to those specific sectors. The worth extant in the finance sector is described as per to the character of the financial transaction. In the recent times, the financial sectors are seriously observing contest where Latest Corporation are entering daily (Gattorna, 2016). The AMP Financial Company fundamentally describes surroundings where difficulties of the customers are interwoven beside with the services of the organization. Deliver worth to the organization also explain the service that delivers value to the customers (Keneley, 2016). As per Williamson, concerns of the organizations is associated with the customers requirements which help in better business activities and also brings a better level of sustainability to the organization. The resource-advantage theory describes the combination of the heterogeneous resources and the heterogeneous demand of the consumers. The capital of an organization can be financial, material, legal, human-based, organizational-based, informational and relational (Oh et al., 2013). As per recognition of the individuality present inside the association, main emphasis needs to be specified so that it can out hit competitor firm as well as draw clientele based on that source. At the time of adopting resource-advance theory, the organization should try to use the competitive advantage of the company to become the leading financial company and enjoy the greater number of customers compared to their competitor organizations. Research Questions for the Identified Problem or Opportunity According to the study of this research process, the researchers found some research question which clears the queries to arise at the time of studying that research paper. The main research questions for analyzing the problems and opportunities of the AMP Financial company are as follows 1. What is the fundamental problem? 2. What are the objectives? 3. What is the relationship between the issue and the company? 4. Why is it important to overcome the problem? 5. How the company planned to tackle the problem? 6. How the company planned to broadcast their results? 7. Is the cash flow is a flow of cash to the shareholders or the company? 8. Is there having any reduction of value or cost of the fixed assets of the company? 9. Is the annual net income of the company can able to made that year or it only become a number? 10. Is the book value become the best proxy to the share values? 11. Is it become possible for the AMP financial company to have positive net income which never distributes the dividends in the postponement of payments? 12. Is it better for the company to purchase shares and assets of other company? 13. How is the optimal capital structure calculated? Research Methodologies By the help of investigate method, the investigator tried to identify the most suitable research apparatus and techniques for studying the business procedure and the financial activities in the AMP Financial Company and can able to make a better quality research study. Research methodology is defined as the explanation of the process which is undertaken at the time of studying the research topic (Durocher et al., 2015). By the help of these research techniques, the researchers can able to analyze the collected financial data which help to understand the feedback of the respondents in a better way. The researchers generally analyze the financial statement of the company for revealing the importance of those items which is included in the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account. According to Macmillan and Kennedy, Financial Performance is a type of scientific process by the help of which the researchers can able to evaluate the financial strength and profitability of any type of busi ness firms (Yap et al, 2014). Financial performance is actually a snapshot through which the researchers can able to determine the efficiency and ability of the company to survive within the market. By the help of the financial performance, the position of the company within the market can also be determined. Financial Performance is actually the blueprint of all those financial affairs which takes place in the organization (Bazley et al., 2013). Basically, Financial Performance is that medium through which any organization can able to evaluate the entire management performance within the organization. The key aim of the financial performance of a financial statement for the profit and loss account and Balance Sheet of a company is to diagnose the productivity, profitability, activity, liquidity and the financial condition of the business firm (Shaw, 2016). The main objective of the business is to earn satisfactory returns on that funds which are invested within the business. Gantt Chart Each and every individual research study has their own frame of times which allows the researcher to arrange their research activities throughout the whole research process. According to Bernard, the Gantt chart is a type of research tool by the help of which the researchers can able to make a list of the task according to the time which is taken by the researcher at the time of the study the whole research process. Main Activities/ Stages Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 theme choice and its scope classification of secondary information sources Development of research proposal Development of literature review report of research methodology Preparing interview/survey, ethics form Collecting principal data analyse data Comparing conclusion Conclusion as well as recommendations Finalising with submission Table: Gantt chart (Source: Developed by the author) In the table of Gantt chart, the researcher points out the most important tasks which are required to emphasis at that time when the research is conducted. Gantt chart also helps the researchers to understand the status of that particular research study. Research Process The research process is a procedure through which the entire research work is taking place. The research process of any research study takes place through certain steps (Bunney Therry, 2013). In this research study, the researchers want to analyze the financial activities of the AMP Financial Company. Therefore, for determining the financial activities of the AMP Financial Company the researcher follows the following steps Step 1: At first, the researchers determine the need for the research of the financial performance of the company Step 2: After that they to identify and define the problems Step 3: Then the researchers should establish the objectives of the research study on that particular topic Step 4: After establishing the research objectives the researchers should prepare a research design Step 5: After that, the researchers should able to identify the sources from where the data are collected and also can able to determine the types of information which are collected from various sources. Step 6: Then the researchers determine the process or methods through which they can able to access the data. Step 7: In the next step, the researchers prepares the forms and make a design for collecting the data Step 8: Then the researchers determine the size of the sample and make a plan for the sample collection process regarding the factors which can affect t the sample. Step 9: After that, the researchers collect the data Step: 10 Then they analyze the data critically Step 11: At last, the researchers prepare the whole research paper properly and present it. Data Collection and Analysis Method The data collection process in a realistic sense will permit the investigator in experience different types of public and also help the researchers to improve their interaction skills. By the help of the study of research concepts, the researchers can able to gain knowledge about the process of data collection and also help the researchers to analyze the financial performance of the AMP Financial Company in future (Horngren et al., 2013). The researchers adopt or select the data gathering process depending on the character and types of data collected and according to the topic of the research study. The Data collection process adds value to the research quality by enlarging the platform of knowledge. By the help of data collection process, the researchers can able to collect two types of data. The two types of data are 1) primary data and 2) secondary data. The primary data are those data which are collected by the researchers directly from the environment at the time of conducting t he research process. By the help of main data, the researchers can able to gather the most relevant facts and information though it takes enough time, as it is a long procedure in contrast to secondary data. Whereas, the secondary data are guided on the basis that comprises the online and offline source of data. There are two types of data which are analyzed by the researchers at the time of conducting the research study. The two kinds of data are 1) Qualitative data and 2) Quantitative data. Research Outcomes The research study is more inclined towards the outcomes related to the value due to which the customers can able to obtain a better realization and satisfaction and also can able to serve a better quality of utility as well. After reviewing the financial statement of the AMP Financial Company, the researchers determine the five-year financial summary of the AMP Financial Company. Conclusion In this research study, the researchers can able to analyze the business and financial performance of the AMP Financial Company. The most important business significance of this AMP financial company is to provide services to their customers regarding all banking issues such as income protection, financial advice, selection procedure of banking products, investments in share, etc. The resources of an organization can be financial, physical, legal, human-based, organizational-based, informational and relational. As per recognition of the individuality present inside the organization, main emphasis needs to be known so that it can out hit competitor firms as well as draw clientele based on that source. The AMP financial company mainly helps the other business firms by researching the financial factors which help the firm to develop and improved in future. By the help of this research study, everybody can able to get a clear idea about the financial performance of the AMP Financial Comp any. References Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Bunney, D. and Therry, L., 2013. Employability skills in the Master of Professional Accounting: One schools journey.eCULTURE,3(1), p.3. Shaw, T.M., 2016. The Question of Financial Career Paths: Which Graduate Program and/or Professional Certification Leads to the Greatest Income and Level of Satisfaction Based on a Survey of Professionals working within the Accounting/Finance Fields?. Bazley, M., Hancock, P., Fisher, C., Lovell, A., Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P., 2013.Financial Accounting: An Integrated. Thomson Pty Ltd, South Melbourne. Yap, C., Ryan, S. and Yong, J., 2014. Challenges facing professional accounting education in a commercialised education sector.Accounting Education,23(6), pp.562-581. Yang, Q., 2012.An investigation of the factors that influence Chinese students to do a Master of Professional Accounting (MPA) program in New Zealand(Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology). Buckless, F. and Krawczyk, K., 2016. The relation of student engagement and other admission metrics to Master of Accounting student performance.Accounting Education, pp.1-15. Chan, H.T. and Ryan, S., 2013. Challenging stereotypes: International accounting students in Australia.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,9(2), p.169. Durocher, S., Gendron, Y. and Picard, C.F., 2015. Waves of Global Standardization: Small Practitioners' Resilience and Intra-Professional Fragmentation within the Accounting Profession.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(1), pp.65-88. Oh, C.H., Park, J.H. and Ghauri, P.N., 2013. Doing right, investing right: Socially responsible investing and shareholder activism in the financial sector.Business Horizons,56(6), pp.703-714. Abhayawansa, S. and Guthrie, J., 2014. Importance of intellectual capital information: a study of Australian analyst reports.Australian Accounting Review,24(1), pp.66-83. Keneley, M.J., 2016. The breakdown of the workplace familyand the rise of personnel management within an Australian financial institution 19501980.Business History, pp.1-18. Gattorna, J., 2016.Dynamic supply chain alignment: a new business model for peak performance in enterprise supply chains across all geographies. CRC Press. Kelly, G., Delaney, D., Chai, G. and Mohamed, S., 2016. Optimising local council's return on investment from annual pavement rehabilitation budgets through targeting of the average pavement condition index.Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition),3(5), pp.465-474. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Harford, J., Ford, G., Mollica, V. and Finch, N., 2013.Fundamentals of corporate finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Ghasemy, M., Hussin, S. and Daud, M.A.K.M., 2016. Academic leadership capability framework: a comparison of its compatibility and applicability in Australia, New Zealand, and Malaysia.Asia Pacific Education Review,17(2), pp.217-233.

The starry night Essay Example For Students

The starry night Essay The Starry night by Van Gogh Now the darkness took over the sky and a chill ran down my body. The wispy breeze was cold too. The somber path curving up to the ghastly trivial hill, on which I walked alone. But the other side of the hill was proud with light. The path ran amidst prickly scrubs trampled by the locals. On the path were laid water drenched leaves from the shower in the afternoon. The sky was illuminated with tiny emotive objects. Under he colossal tree laid a pit of dry leaves with some streaks of gray smoke making their way through the long butted sack of heat. The starry night started with a chilled breeze blowing and fireflies rode the air current making their way through to safer grounds. I made myself comfortable on soft damp grass and lay down. A man stood on the front, barring the view. He crushed a stalk in his mouth, a Mexican poncho crowned his head, and he bore a cowboy outfit on a lean build. We will write a custom essay on The starry night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He had his own way, e stood tall with a silhouette marking his practical personality. He asked what are you doing out here, kid? I was bewildered and I said Just had food, am chilling, you? He kept quiet, wind blew, the leaves rattled and the light smoke hustled to get attention. The sky had a startling clout which made me contemplate the environment. In front of the long butted fire stood a rock which stood crisp and rough by the blowing air. It was midnight, an I still lay on the velvety grass sensing a deep, amp scent of rain, a little bit of moist mud. The cynical curls of clouds ruled the skies, and the stars seemed to have been standing overpowered by the vicious clouds of rain, but as time went past the mighty clouds had been triumphed by the robust Lulus. It seemed very positive while the person by my side lay with his hat covering his cryptic and diplomatic personality. The sky was clear and the moss started to deluge on my face like god left his shower running. I felt exuberant, I unveiled my yes and witnessed the Jovial and stunning sky and it mesmerisms me, as I gradually stood up and could not see the man. The rabbits hurried as silently as they could to get out of sight. For a moment the entire place felt dull until I the bright sunlight struck my eyes and forced me to look at it. The tedious darkness was defeated by the bright streaks of sun, the light climbed up the hill and it was five in the morning. The cowboy man patted me on the back, his face blushing with an optimistic glow, like it said lets move on. The starry night Essay Example For Students The starry night Essay The Starry night by Van Gogh Now the darkness took over the sky and a chill ran down my body. The wispy breeze was cold too. The somber path curving up to the ghastly trivial hill, on which I walked alone. But the other side of the hill was proud with light. The path ran amidst prickly scrubs trampled by the locals. On the path were laid water drenched leaves from the shower in the afternoon. The sky was illuminated with tiny emotive objects. Under he colossal tree laid a pit of dry leaves with some streaks of gray smoke making their way through the long butted sack of heat. The starry night started with a chilled breeze blowing and fireflies rode the air current making their way through to safer grounds. I made myself comfortable on soft damp grass and lay down. A man stood on the front, barring the view. He crushed a stalk in his mouth, a Mexican poncho crowned his head, and he bore a cowboy outfit on a lean build. We will write a custom essay on The starry night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He had his own way, e stood tall with a silhouette marking his practical personality. He asked what are you doing out here, kid? I was bewildered and I said Just had food, am chilling, you? He kept quiet, wind blew, the leaves rattled and the light smoke hustled to get attention. The sky had a startling clout which made me contemplate the environment. In front of the long butted fire stood a rock which stood crisp and rough by the blowing air. It was midnight, an I still lay on the velvety grass sensing a deep, amp scent of rain, a little bit of moist mud. The cynical curls of clouds ruled the skies, and the stars seemed to have been standing overpowered by the vicious clouds of rain, but as time went past the mighty clouds had been triumphed by the robust Lulus. It seemed very positive while the person by my side lay with his hat covering his cryptic and diplomatic personality. The sky was clear and the moss started to deluge on my face like god left his shower running. I felt exuberant, I unveiled my yes and witnessed the Jovial and stunning sky and it mesmerisms me, as I gradually stood up and could not see the man. The rabbits hurried as silently as they could to get out of sight. For a moment the entire place felt dull until I the bright sunlight struck my eyes and forced me to look at it. The tedious darkness was defeated by the bright streaks of sun, the light climbed up the hill and it was five in the morning. The cowboy man patted me on the back, his face blushing with an optimistic glow, like it said lets move on.

WARD Name Meaning and Surname Origin

WARD Name Meaning and Surname Origin Ward is a popular  last name of Old English and Old Gaelic origins dating back prior to the Norman Conquest of 1066.   The Old English surname Ward has several possible meanings: An  occupational surname for a guard or keeper of the watch, from the Old English weard, meaning guard.A geographical or topographical surname for a person who lived near a guardhouse or fortress.Also possibly as a topographical surname from the word werd, meaning marsh. The Ward surname may also be of Irish origin from the Irish last name McWard and variations such as MacAward, MacEvard, MacEward, and Macanward. It derives from the old Gaelic name Mac an Bhaird, from the prefix Mac, meaning son of and bhaird, a Gaelic word meaning bard or poet. Ward may also possibly be an Americanized form of the French surname Guerin, which means guard. Ward is the 71st most popular surname in the United States. Ward is also popular in England, coming in as the 31st most common surname. Statistics collected in Ireland from the 1891 census peg Ward as the 78th most common Irish surname. Surname Origin:  English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings:  WARDE, WARDEN, WARDMAN, WORDMAN, WARDS, MCWARD, WARDLE, WARDLOW, WARDALE Famous People With the Last Name WARD ​Julia Ward Howe - best known as writer of Battle Hymn of the RepublicBilly Ward and his Dominoes - successful African-American RB vocal groupAaron Montgomery Ward - founder of the Montgomery Ward catalog and retail storeHines Ward - former NFL wide receiver for the Pittsburgh SteelersM. Ward - American singer, songwriter Genealogy Resources for the WARD Surname 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Ward, Wardle, Warden DNA ProjectThe goal of this Y-DNA surname project is to identify WARD family relationships by placing them each within their own unique y-DNA groups, allowing researchers within those groups to work toward discovery of their common ancestor. WARD Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Ward surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ward query. FamilySearch - WARD Family HistoryAccess free vital, census, military, and other records, plus lineage-linked family trees posted for the Ward surname and its variations. WARD Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Ward surname. DistantCousin.com - WARD Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Ward. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Multiple Questions on History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multiple Questions on History - Essay Example On the example of FARC it is clearly seen that this theory works. The group of people was gathered in order to protect the interests of oppressed people in the rural areas of Columbia. Another peculiarity of Focoist theory is that it was initially invented for developing countries. Thus, when Che Guevara’s theory is criticized, it may be argued that it is initially â€Å"Guerrilla War†. Revolutionary war in China has its specific laws as well. Mao Zedong has suggested strategies of revolutionary war in his well-known essays 'On Practice' and 'On Contradiction' (1937). Zedong makes an emphasis on revolutionary upheaval, which is based not on instantaneous protests, but is also confirmed by deep knowledge and profound historical experience of a nation. Maoism has guerilla roots as well. Still, unlike Che Guevara, Zedong makes an emphasis on the necessity of a proper education of a nation with regards to revolutionary issues. Question 2Atomic weapon influence on military t heory after WWII Thesis: A creation of atomic weapon after WWII signified an international pace for strategic preparation against hostile moods of the world. Atomic weapon was a serious intimidating factor uprising those countries, which owned it and diminished power of countries, which did not have it. An inevitable development of atomic weapon was propagated by its supporters and developers, such as Lawrence, Alvarez, Teller and others. They claimed that it was wise for the United States to protect their nation against intimidating factors of potential hazards caused by atomic weapon. Nevertheless, the fact that  Atomic Energy Commission forbade development of atomic weapon for America may be explained by two main reasons: a lack of technology development in this field : â€Å"Oppenheimer believed that the atomic forces of the United States would be more effective if they consisted of many large fission weapons (of which multiple bombs could be dropped on the same targets) rath er than the large and unwieldy predictions of massive super bombs, for which there were a relatively limited amounts of targets of the size to warrant such a development† (History of nuclear weapons, 2011). Consequently, it is evident that a significant shift happened in military theory. After WWII atomic weapon was mentioned as a powerful tool regulating diplomatic policies and controlling over them in the post war period. Question 3 Evolution of US military approaches in Vietnam Thesis: from thousands of hostile attacks to diplomatic negotiations, - these were limits of American political strategy in the war of Vietnam. In order to support policies of the South’s government, America sent in 1963 6,000 of forces to South Vietnam. Starting from 1965, Johnson triggered the war, bombing North Vietnam and these attacks mounted up to in 1968. During times of Nixon, starting from 1968 policies of Vietnamization was promoted. America made an attempt to destroy Communism in Vi etnam in 1970. There is a gradual evolution of military policies in Vietnam: from hostile moods to diplomatic agreements. For the American history this war was the longest one. In the result of war in Vietnam 2 mln lives were gone and 60,000 deaths among Americans emerged. South Vietnamese should be protected by the American government from totalitarian regime. Moreover, it should be noted that this lesson of war

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Film analysis - Essay Example The entire narrative was shocking for its sheer violence and horror but more than this, and for the purposes of this essay, The Exorcist presented an accurate and detailed depiction of demonic possession and the Catholic ritual of exorcism. Demonic possessions, according to the available literature, have a particular set of symptoms although they are not necessarily all present in any given case. These, wrote Walters (2004) for example, include insomnia, aimless wandering, compulsively eating strange or repulsive substances (or else refusing to eat at all), a repulsive stench, rigid muscles, unusual strength, fits of screaming and weeping, a significant change in facial features as a result of muscle contractions and violent aggression against oneself, nearby people, or objects (76). In The Exorcist, most of these were depicted: Regan speaking in a different voice, which was deep and gravelly; her, speaking in different languages; the misshapen face, which was also covered in lesions; Regan’s reaction to holy objects; the desecration of the nearby church; the death of Burke; and a number of other strange and unexplained phenomena that tormented her mother. Once the exorcism started, the priests were also faced w ith Regan’s string of obscenities, and the manifestation of strange phenomena including levitation, the seemingly independent movement of objects, Regan’s abnormally long tongue and strange bouts of vomiting. The â€Å"speech† element, wherein the demon speaks through Regan, is a particularly important aspect in exorcism. This can be seen in most parts of the possession reenactment. There was the deep and harsh voice depicted, which is scientifically explained as a result of an altered state wherein the person’s ventricular folds are used instead of the vocal chords while the speech has been generally found to have a characteristic

The decade of the 1860s saw the success of the nation-building efforts Essay

The decade of the 1860s saw the success of the nation-building efforts of Bismarck and Cavour in Germany and Italy, respectively - Essay Example Denmark, Austria, and France were against the development of Germany. Bismarck declared war against these countries. He ensured there are no external forces preventing the development of Germany. The Germans made him chancellor. He used his position to formulate laws that promoted economic growth. He dominated the political field and ensured there is no instability. Germans concentrated in developing the economy rather than participating in war. There was the need of morals and virtues in the nation, for it to grow. Bismarck passed legislation that made Catholic Church an official influence in Germany (McKay 98). He wanted the people to follow right morals and respect God. Many countries in the 1860s depended on the system of alliance for their survival (McKay 100). Bismarck ensured Germany consolidated its power in the European block. He created a system of alliances to tackle his competitors (McKay 30). Germany became powerful and it was easy for it to acquire important resources. Bismarck always collected taxes without the permission of parliament (McKay 200). He wanted to ensure his economic policies came to success. Germany grew because he united the liberal middle class and German nationalist. He knew how to distribute resources. Victor Emmanuel led Italy. Under his leadership, Cavour united Italy when he became prime minister. He wanted to see the economy of Italy grow. The newspapers were the tool Cavour used to spread his policies (McKay 45). He used the newspapers to bring unification in Italy. He wanted to be a superpower in Italy. Cavour wanted this to be a success by forming an alliance with France. He had command of the Italian army. Cavour used that opportunity to fight enemies of Italy’s alliance. Thus, Italy received much international support. The country grew significantly in the economic sector (McKay 111). Furthermore, unity is very important for the growth of a country. Cavour

How Perception Affects Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay

How Perception Affects Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay This chapter is aiming to give an overview of related theories and perceptions those affect to tourism industry. The review also includes the concept of beneficial image, the image of Thailand and heritage tourism and also provide concept which previously has been developed by different researchers who undertaking the research study in similar approach. How Perception Affect Tourism The term perception of the tourism industry is, generally, can be viewed in two aspects. The first one is the mental image created by marketing and media. Another aspect of image can be developed by the consumers. In general, the destination will market itself as much as possible in order to persuade the traveller to buy a trip there (Tuohino, 2002 cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Travellers go to the destination in order to consume the products, services and experiencing to those offering at the destination. Travellers will form their perceptions related to their expectation which are based on their former experience, friends, the internet, marketing and travel agent information (Kotkew, Bowen Markens, 2006). Thus, if products or services in particular destination exceed traveller expectation, which means they are satisfied. On the other hand, travellers are dissatisfied when their expectations are not met (Mcdowall, 2010). According to Crompton (1979), people travel for four different reasons: personal business travel; corporate business travel; visiting relatives and friends; and for pleasure vacation. Therefore, tourists have stereotypical image of different perception and travel locations, so it is important for tourism marketers to promote the destination image to increase the number of tourists (Sirgy Su, 2000). Moreover, the individuals cultural belonging and heritage does not only affect the way people experience and interpret the products and services supplied to them, but it also influence their decision making in regard to choices of vacations and destinations. Furthermore, customers have different perception and individual needs, which hold different values to a destination. The collection of customer information is a way to discover the customer needs and their values. Thus, customers benefit the destination in the way of customers tastes and preferences which can directly contribute to ma rketing new product and services in tourism industry (Reportforu, 2010). Fakeye and Crompton (1991), has outlined the tourists image formation process (see Figure 1). It can be explained from this Figure that the consumers organic images and the induced image of tourist destination can be obtained from elsewhere, i.e. literature, friends or relatives. These messages play a significant role and influence the evaluation of alternative travel destinations and finally in making a decision about the destination they will visit (cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Hu Ritchi (1993) stated that the more tourists think that the destination will satisfy their vacation desires, the more likely the visitors will choose the destinations. Figure 1: Faye and Cromptons Tourists Image Formation Process (Tuohino,2002). Conceptualisation of beneficial image It was described by the previous study on destination image that a destinations image could contribute to the destination-making process. During this process, travelers build a destination image based on the informative and persuasive information such as friends, news and travel agency (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thus, an effective destination image strategy will be very important in order to make the particular destination differentiation from other countries. Cromton (1979) states that not all images can be influenced to traveler decision making process. The research examines the relationships between the attribute of a destination and decision-making process of tourists. Therefore, understanding the evaluative of destination characteristic image related to destination choice is needed in tourism marketing. Moreover, Kotler and Barich (1991) states that consumer will form an image based on benefit or value that they expect to get from those products or services. Sheth, Newman, and Gross (1991) suggested that marketing choice behavior is a multidimensional phenomenon involving multiple values: functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional (see Appendix 1). The study also states that these seven important factors are influencing market choice behaviour. Based on the theory and marketing image concept, the beneficial image model was developed by Tappachai and Waryszak is shown as below. Figure 2: Beneficial image model (Tapachai Waryszak, 2000) Figure 2 shows traveller consumption values which are in the beneficial image model. These five consumption values including functional characteristic of the destinations, Social perception about the destination, emotional of traveller through the destination, epistemic of the destination which traveller can gain new experience from the destination and conditional such as accessibility to other countries that will help visitor to decide about their destinations. (Tapachai Waryzak, 2000, cited from Henkel et al, 2006). By using Thailand as an example to describe the model above, Thailands functional values are fascinating bargain shopping, variety of food and beautiful scenery site. The social consumption will be a destination that suitable for all ages of people. The emotional value is about a place of to relax and calm. An epistemic value is a beautiful culture in Thailand and finally the conditional value is mainly about the location which traveller can easily access to other coun tries. According to Echtner Ritchie (1993), the destination image refers to attributes base or holistic (imagery), with each component containing functional (tangible) or psychological (intangible or abstract) characteristic ( Echtner Ritchie, 1993). The attributes perspectives are including tourists perceptions through the characteristics of the vacation destination such as beautiful architecture and buildings, numerous cultural, historical attractions and psychological characteristic like safe place to visit and also friendly people. Moreover, the holistic perspective of the destination relates to destination image in terms of physical characteristic such as beaches, mountain, likewise the psychological are the destinations atmosphere or mood (Echtner Ritchie, 1993 cited from Henkel et al). Rod Davies (2003) explained that every destination have its own brand image. Also, the factors like cost and convenience play an important role in decision-making of the destination. However, the strongest influence and motivator is the image of the tourism destination (Davies, 2003). Therefore, images are the brand identity which tourist can be perceived. In addition, images can be both increase and decrease the selection of the destination by traveller (Henkel et al). However, Bigne et al. (2001) argued that image is not only influences the destination choice, but also has an influence on the evaluation of the destination after the vacation. It can be explained that whether or not traveller will return to the destination (Bigne et al, 2001 cited from Henkel et al). Moreover, a high positive image of particular destination is more likely to be chosen by tourist in the process of decision-making (Echtner Ritchie, 1993). In conclusion, image play an important role for tourist satisfa ction and the preconceive image of destination will influence tourist decision on their vacation destination. The image of Thailand Destination image can be both positive and negative image, if two destinations have almost offering the same characteristics for traveller perception. Therefore, the more positive image of a destination place, the more likely that traveler will go there (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thailand is not only positioning as a land of smile as a result of friendly people and a safe place destination, but also considerable as cultural, natural and historical attractions. Due to the study of Yau and Chan on the image of Southeast Asian, Thailand has been perceived as a reasonable price, beautiful beaches and various attractions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). In addition, Tapachai Waryszak conduct a study about benefit image characteristic of Thailand and grouped the results of research showed that the functional attributes of cheap shopping, variety of food, friendly people and historical sites as well as the epistemic attribute of experiencing rich culture in Thailand (Henkel et al, 2006). Furthermore, the research between Tourism Authority in Thailand (TAT) and Siam University showed the result that there was a positive image as a natural and historical travel destination (Henkel et al., 2006). This positive image can be reflected by the award winning destination from differ ent countries, for example, International Tourisms Bourse Berlin (ITB), awarded the four go Asia Awards honouring best service provides for travel to Asia in 2010, the Swedish grand travel award has ranked Thailand as the World Best Tourist Country However, Thailand has also suffered from a negative image because of prostitution, pollution which led to the decline of tourist attractions (Rittichainuwat et al., 2001). Prideaux et al. (2004) has also stated that the image of Thailand is an erotic destination. In addition, the image of Thailand also related to international news coverage by saying that Thailand is a place of prostitution. These negative images can, obviously, affect visitors and might make them do not want to visit Thailand. This also leads to the cause of some health and moral issues in Thailand (Henkel et al., 2001). However, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) never promotes Thailand as a sex tourism destination (Prideaux et al., 2004). Suwanmolis study about international media coverage of prostitution in Thailand, the result found that foreign reporters usually report the negative side such AIDS and prostitution because this kind of news very easily get attention from publics. Moreover, Suwanmoli explaine d that there are a high number of as many as 2.8 million prostitutes working in Thailand (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Therefore, the government should be concerned of this issue in order to minimize the pandemic deceases and prostitution. Alternatively, Thai government must actively seek to reduce the images of negative such as sex tourism through positive image marketing of other tourism products and trying to decrease the illegal activities such as prostitution within the country (Henkel et al, 2006). Finally, Thailands image has suffered from a declination of tourist attractions, pollution, traffic jam, lack of new tourist attractions and the image of sex tourism. Additionally, Ahmed states that once a negative image is established in the minds of potential travelers, even a full range of marketing activities cannot entirely reverse it. Thus, Marketers only able to do little to eliminate the negative image. In contrast, marketer can offset the negative perception by creating positive images through promotional strategies, including advertising, arranging the events, and hosting international conventions and exhibitions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Heritage Tourism The vast majority of literature on heritage, apart from the philosophical and intellectual, has concerned itself with heritage tourism, a sector that has grown globally and also created the revenue and employment for undeveloped countries (Misiura, 2006). According to The World Tourism Organisation (1992) defines heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history, human heritage, arts, philosophy and intuitions of another region or country (Laws Pan, 2004). Moreover, Rowan and Baram (2004) describe heritage tourism as a consumerist phenomenon and hence marketing of this phenomenon is bound to be driven by capitalist tendencies. (cited from Chabra, 2009). Thus, the core of heritage marketing is to find out what the customer want and deliver it. Particularly, in relation to built environment, i.e., the marketing activity should be design to stimulate demand and satisfy the customer but not to the detriment of that which needs to preserves for future generation (Misiura, 2006, p.2 ). Yale (1991), explains that the heritage tourism is a centred on what we inherited from historic buildings, to art works, to beautiful scenery. Ashworths (2000) defined the comodification and the past in heritage tourism which is based on the commoditized, building, memories and experiences of the past (cited from Grace Yan et al). From the demand aspect, the heritage tourism is about finding something which is linking between the present and the past and traveller emotional experiences (Richards 1997 and Prentice 1993). However, Poria et al. (2001) argued that the relationship of heritage tourism should be based on the individual and the heritage presented rather than on specific site attributes. In addition, they described heritage tourism as a subgroup of tourism, in which the main motivation for visiting a site is based on the places heritage characteristics according to tourists perception of their own heritage (Poria et al., 2001, p. 1048). Also, in order to combined both supply and demand by explaining that heritage tourism relies on the strength of both the push and pull factors of the resources located in area in order to appeal to the potential tourists (Apostolakis (2003, p. 800) Cited from Grace Yan et al). Heritage visitor, try to find the different benefits from trips.. Poria et al. (2004) pointed out that the reasons for visiting heritage sites for travellers can be grouped places in to three categories which are under the headings of heritage experience, learning. These explain that there are people with a strong interest in emotionally involved with a sense of belonging to the site. In contrast, for some tourists, heritage tourism is more than an educational or recreational experience. This further suggested by Martin et al. (2004, p.131), determining the potential of heritage tourism and the possible impact and the marketing direction needed to attract these visitors will be less speculative if the nature of the tourist is better understood World Heritage is the programme administered by the UNESCO, the programme aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity and to raise awareness of how to maintain the sites to last for future generations of humanity (Thaiwh, 2010). In Thailand, there are World Heritage sites of Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaengphet provinces. There are rich heritage and magnificent architecture that make them as The World Heritage sites which are listed in 1991 by UNESCO (UNESCO, 1992). Therefore, the marketing of heritage, especially heritage tourism will contribute the benefit in order to serve the products and services to customers relate to those World heritage sites in Thailand. It can be seen that strategic planning has been used within many organizations. The successful travel and tourism must not only understand who the customers are but also know how to market them in order to satisfy the needs of their customers. In addition, tourism organisations should identify group of customers with homogeneous characteristics and behaviors and try to adapt their offer to the unique needs and desires of the segment members. Heritage marketing, therefore, is both management philosophy and as set of business techniques. It is very important to recognise that the management of tourism will be ineffective without an understanding of the way tourists consumers make decisions and act in relation to the consumption of tourism products. This research not only provides an oppor tunity for people to fulfill their individual needs, but exceeding their expectations and ensuring that it benefits greatly toward the World Heritage sites in Thailand (Reportforu, 2010). Conclusion The literature reviewed has provided general information about the perception of the tourists through the image of Thailand and Thailands image dimensions. However, the review has also identified both positive and negative image which affected to tourists destination choice. It is worth noting that the concepts described in previous articles, journals and text book, are pertaining and believed to have a direct effect on to the research model which is proposed in the current investigation. Therefore, the proposed research model and hypotheses formulation will be discussed in following chapter.

HTML Language :: Essays Papers

HTML Language HTML – Hypertext Markup Language HTML is the language for publishing hypertext on the World Wide Web. This scripting language can be created and processed by a wide range of tools, from simple plain text editors - to sophisticated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) authoring tools. HTML uses tags to structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists, hypertext links etc. A convenient way to automatically fix markup errors is to use the HTML Tidy utility. This makes the document easier to read and edit. Tidy is very effective at cleaning up markup created by authoring tools with sloppy habits. Tidy is able to fix up a wide range of problems and to bring to your attention things that you need to work on yourself. Each item found is listed with the line number and column so that you can see where the problem lies in your markup. Tidy won't generate a cleaned up version when there are problems that it can't be sure of how to handle. These are logged as "errors" rather than "warnings". HTML has three variants. You specify which of these variants you are using by inserting a line at the beginning of the document. Each variant has its own DTD - Document Type Definition - which sets out the rules and regulations for using HTML. When you want to use a tool to validate the HTML document, the tool will know which variant you are using. Transitional – Used when writing Web pages for the general public, when pages are accessible for viewing in older browsers. An advantage here is the support of style sheet, which include different features used in BODY such as bgcolor, text and link attributes. *!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/loose.dtd"* Strict - Used when we want really clean structural mark-up, free of any tags associated with layout. It is used together with W3C's Cascading Style Sheet language (CSS) to get the font, color, and layout effects we want. *!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/strict.dtd"* Frameset - Used when we want to partition the browser window into two or more frames.

Analects of Confucius – Analects of Life

Analects of life As â€Å"the greatest single force† in a fifth of the worlds population, Kong Fuzi or Confucius, spread his intelligence on philosophies to try and better the world (pg. 4). The Analects of Confucius is a book that essentially supplies the people of the west with the Chinese code of life in the words of Kong Fuzi. His words and beliefs helped shape Chinese civilization and spread father throughout the west, making Confucius one of the most profound scholars in western history. The book The Analects of Confucius written by Chichung Huang is a translation of the word of the words and beliefs of Confucius.The book focuses on many different themes of life in Chinese culture. Filial piety and good behavior are two major themes in the book that go hand in hand. Family is an extremely important part of Chinese culture. Relationships, loyalty and the institution of family as a whole is one of the highest points of significance of society and in china and throughout th e west family bonds are very sacred and respected. In this culture and throughout The Analects there was especially a great influence and demonstration of a â€Å"son’s love for his parents† (pg. 28). Confucius wrote, â€Å"In serving your parents, be gentle in remonstration.Seeing that they are not inclined to comply, remain reverent, and do not disobey them. Though weary, do not feel resentful,† (pg. 70, 4. 18). A son’s job was to serve his parents at any moment and he was only considered filial after he served his parents in the correct ways, â€Å"When his father was alive, he observed his aspirations, when his father died, he observed his deeds. If, for three years he does not change his father’s Way, he may be said to be filial† (pg. 49, 1. 11). Filial piety was said to be the â€Å"first and foremost of all virtues,† and honoring ones family went much farther than daily life (pg. 8). There was also a big emphasis on respecting parents after they had passed away.Confucius said, â€Å"When your parents are alive, serve them in accordance with the rituals; when they die, bury them in accordance with the rituals; offer sacrifices to them in accordance with the rituals† (pg. 53, 2. 5). Chinese cultures portrayed that for a son to be filial he had to â€Å"serve his parents in three ways: to feed them when they are alive, to morn them when they die and to offer sacrifices to them when mourning is over,† (pg. 28). It was so much of n importance to serve ones parents after death that Confucius himself said, â€Å"There is hardly anything that can make a man spontaneously exhaust his grief. If an exception must be made, it is perhaps a parent’s death,† (pg. 181, 19. 17). By instituting these analects of filial piety so intensely into the west and having them obeyed helped establish good behavior and put an emphasis on roles of the people. Since filial piety was such an essential virtue it was known for helping to â€Å"shape young people into loyal law-abiding subjects† (pg. 29).Social order and good behavior was a prominent throughout the west and taught through Confucianism. In Chinese culture reverence and respect was key and went along with good behavior. Confucius said, â€Å"nowadays filial piety merely means being able to feed ones parents. Even dogs and horses are being fed. Without reverence, how can you tell the difference,† (pg. 53, 2. 7). He was essentially trying to say that if respect isn’t important than what’s the difference between a parent and a dog. Through reverence and family relationships it helped shape young people and instate good behavior.The analects went into great depth of illustrating being an ethical and good citizen. Confucius said, â€Å"Keep wholehearted sincerity and truthfulness as your major principles. Do not befriend those beneath you. When you make a mistake, do not be afraid to correct it,† (pg. 106, 9. 25). He believed it was better to admit you mistakes than try and cover them up. The Chinese culture did not promote negative behavior or disobedience what so ever. They focused on ‘the gentleman’, the most virtuous and talented man, the role model for everyone else.Confucius stated, â€Å"the gentleman helps others achieve their good ends; he does not help them achieve their evil ends. The small man does the opposite,† (pg. 129, 12. 16). The gentleman was essentially the perfect man and promoted good behavior. Having the gentleman in Chinese culture helped uphold and spread the analects and good behavior. Overtime Confucianism and Confucius’ philosophies spread throughout Chinese civilization and the west and became very popular. Even after Confucius’ time his students and followers spread his beliefs.His moral codes and ideals were accepted grew more prominent overtime by Chinese civilizations and were adopted by neighboring countri es. Although his ideals not always followed in every dynasty and period of time they came back in the time of the Han Dynasty and the civil service exam is an example of how the teachings of Confucius was later intertwined with society. Confucius is a critical scholar and philosopher in western history and for the rest of the world. His teachings will never be forgotten and his analects will always be referred to.

Deadly Weapon During the World War Essay Example

Deadly Weapon During the World War Essay Example Deadly Weapon During the World War Essay Deadly Weapon During the World War Essay Thesis: Poison gases should be banned from the battlefield because they have fatal and catastrophic effects on humans, the nature, and they were not as effective as other weapons for winning the war. Poison gases had many deadly effects on human bodies. Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gases were mainly used (First World War). â€Å"Deficiencies of chlorine were overcome by phosgene and they were used mixed with equal amounts, with the chlorine helping to spread the denser phosgene† (Poison). They inflicted damage to the eyes, nose and throat. Chlorine could also â€Å"destroy respiratory organs such as lungs, bringing on chocking attacks† (First World War). Mustard gas was mostly delivered in artillery shells. It caused serious internal and external bleeding and blisters which were â€Å"extremely painful that most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds† (Poison). Mustard gas also burned skin when in contact, and cause blindness (Cruxton 89). However, human bodies were not the only ones that were affected by the poison gases. Poison gases also have negative impacts on the nature. Chlorine gas is very harmful to organisms living in water because chlorine dissolves very well when mixed with water (Chlorine). Chlorine is one of the most reactive chemicals and it reacts with other chemicals in water, creating more sodium chloride, which is salt. If there are more salt in water, many freshwater fish would not be able to live in water since they cannot tolerate large amount of salt. Chlorine gas is also harmful to animals and plants when they inhale the gas since it can easily escape from water and enter the atmosphere. Animals and plants don’t store chlorine but repeat exposure to the atmosphere of chlorine can affect their immune system, blood, heart, and respiratory system. Lastly, despite all these harmful effects of the poison gases, they were not as effective as other weapons for winning the war. After the battle of Ypres in Belgium, poison gases became useless in killing the opponent troops as gas masks were developed (Cruxton 89). A Canadian medical officer came up with an antidote which was made up of cotton pads and handkerchiefs soaked in urine. Soldiers â€Å"held them over their faces since it was their only defense. † Therefore, poison gases became ineffective. There were also other problems about poison gases. Soldiers sometimes inhaled poison gases they themselves had used because of the direction of the wind (First World War). The chlorine gas sometimes reacted with other gases in the atmosphere causing explosions even before they were used (Chlorine). These problems allowed the enemy troops to attack more easily since the soldiers were being killed by their own gas. Chlorine (Cl) Chemical Properties, Health and Environmental Effects. Water Treatment and Purification Lenntech. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/cl. htm Cruxton, J. Bradley. , and W. Douglas. Wilson. Spotlight Canada. Don Mills, Ont. : Oxford UP, 2000. First World War. com Weapons of War: Poison Gas. First World War. com A Multimedia History of World War One. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. firstworldwar. com/weaponry/gas. htm Knapp, Brian J. Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine and Iodine. Henley-on-Thames: Atlantic Europe, 1996. Poison Gas in World War I. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I Wiki: Poison Gas in World War I. Wapedia. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. http://wapedia. mobi/en/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I

Evaluation of the Internal and External Environments Essays

Evaluation of the Internal and External Environments Essays Evaluation of the Internal and External Environments Paper Evaluation of the Internal and External Environments Paper Evaluation of the internal and external environments is then followed by crucial decisions grading long and short-term goals and finally organizes for the implementation of the plan of action. The internal and external environments of Logo and Harley Davidson companies are described using an environmental scan. Environmental Scanning According to Wheeled Hunger an environmental scan is the monitoring, evaluation, and dissemination of information from the external and internal environments to key people with the corporation (Wheeled Hunger, 201 0, p. 8). External environments are identified by the possible opportunities and threats outside the organization. Internal environments are identified by the strengths and weaknesses within the organization. In addition, successful businesses analyze the following forces that drive industry competition, threat Of new entrants, rivalry among existing firms, threat Of substitute products or services, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and relative power of other stakeholders. Logos Internal Environment According to Metcalf Alfresco (2013), inbound logistics, which emphasizes on raw material, is fundamental in the companys operations. It acquires her main bulk of chemical materials from Leanness, a German company that provides standardized ingredients without any bottleneck that may interfere with Logos company. Logo further focuses on their products future demands by ensuring proper product mix. Although it is a cumbersome and technical forecast, the company has always done it successfully via utilization of software and analytical approach in achieving their goal. Moreover, Logo has optimally managed their manufacturing process in a way that high quality products are produced with minimal incidences of faultiness and wastage. The companys patented plastic ingredient ensures durable product and desirable colors as well as adherence to the European CE-labeling thus ensuring conformation with the European Union legislation (Hauser Robertson, 2009). Additionally, Logo has outsourced their distribution to DEL Excel Supply Chain in Eastern Europe hence reducing excess capacity during Summer when sales are low. It further helps them to concentrate in the production services and letting experts do their distributions. Logo has also diversified their operations such as entering into a strategic partnership with organizations such as Lucas Arts and Warner Pros that has enabled Star Wars and Harry Porter act as the savior of Logo (Metcalf Alfresco, 2013). Hauser Robertson (2009), posit that several businesses combinations that Logo has entered itself in make it enjoy indirect marketing thus contributing to their dramatic increase in sales. The company has been expanding their production facility closer to their customers as well as numerous promotional strategies such as conventional media and philanthropic charity. The company also uses superior prices and avoids any engagement in price tragedy and associates their high prices with better quality. It has also integrated some of their programs with educational institutions as a way of improving their products. Logos External Environment Considering Logos bargaining power, their significant supplier is within the chemical market that is very competitive thus reducing the suppliers bargaining power. The company has categorized their suppliers based on rockiness hence making their largest suppliers to be in low risk countries and smaller group of suppliers in high-risk countries. Companies in the toy industries including Logo have ensured low suppliers bargaining power. Retailers play an important role in selling and distributing Logos company (Hauser Robertson, 2009). Additionally, Logo has huge cost advantage since it does their production in low waged regions as well as the advantage of economies of scale. Logo also enjoys a vast variety of expertise that enables them to make competitive decisions. In addition, they have high brand equity that have been created for a long time. Metcalf Alfresco (2013), argue that Logo has addressed the issue of threat brought about by computer games by paving to electronic gaming. Logo enjoys loyal customers worldwide with exclusive licenses, solid distribution network, financial liberty as well as market experience. Harley Davidson Internal Environment According to Agnostic (201 3), Harley Davidson is amongst the leading motorcycle companies that have applied technology to their image thus making it stay competitive. The organization possesses a lot of internal resources that strengthen their long-term strategies. It has a great corporate structure that counts as amongst the first divisional structure that used just in mime inventory strategy. It is involved in a diversified kind of business that not only includes motorcycles but also includes other related products and financial services. Moreover, the companys decision-making process is decentralized and every department is accorded responsibility to deal with various issues. Harley Davidson is so much concentrated on deep emotional customer link via their services and products and this greatly attracts many customers who feel that the company cares for them. The companys relationship of employees is so close and awesome as the top management is loosely bonded to other employees thus easing decision-making process. Harley Davidson culture is aimed at preserving and maintaining the organization through constant product and service quality as well as achievement of financial success. The company always works at adding value to their products as well as creating image and attracting new customers. It has successfully licensed their products and this has really enhanced their image. The organization sells their products through a wide network of dealers who have ensured a wide customer base especially in America (Agnostic, 2013). Harley Davidson treats their customers by offering them 1 year membership to the Harley owners group and further conducts rallies that help in showcasing and demonstrating their new products. It uses value over price strategy and provides company information online. Harley Davidson has strong financial position making it be in a favorable position to withstand falling prices and increased costs. It further uses strong RD by investing in new technology that makes it manufacture powerful, lighter, stronger and finest motorcycles possible (Robertson Equalize, 2010). Harley Davidson External Environment According to Robertson Equalize (201 0), demand for motorcycles in the sporting industry has grown very high and Harley Davidson is so much trusted due to their high quality production. Being a IIS based company it enjoys a wider market segment because most people trust and love made in U. S products particularly when it comes to motorcycles. Harley Davidson enjoys efficient supply of sheet metal, coils and other raw materials from the favorable supply bases. The company dwells on its success in the heavyweight motorcycles beating highly competitive substitutes such as Yamaha, Honda and Sukiyaki. Measurement Guidelines Both Harley Davidson and Logo use profit and increase in revenue as the measurement guidelines of the effectiveness of their strategies. The number of sales made and the ability to beat competitors in terms of revenue generated and the number of units sold remains integral way of ascertaining the effectiveness of the companies strategies. Also, Harley-Davidson and Logo focus on the wide market coverage especially the overseas market as a way of achieving their effectiveness. Measurement guidelines for both companies are indeed very effective and positive since they focus on the main objective of every business, making profit. Unless business revenue rises and profit increase is experienced, a business cannot be said to be making a progress and achieving their objectives. Conclusion Both Logo and Harley Davidson have demonstrated that environmental scanning has been essential to their success in identifying internal and external environments. Their long-term strategic plan has been successful because their ability to focus on what works and what do not in regards to internal and external forces. They were able to gain and maintain nominative advantage over their competitors by knowing their strengths and weaknesses.

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Film analysis - Essay Example He has applied the necessary measures required in ensuring customers’ satisfaction and improving the value of products in promoting consumption. Some of the entrepreneurial skills that the business people can learn include knowing who you are and what you want, understanding that work matters the most, and ensuring constant improvement through maintaining perfection and cleanliness. The entrepreneurs are supposed to be passionate about their businesses. In the movie, Jiro portrays the characteristics of a business-minded person. He asserts that he has not attained his full potential in business. This is even though his restaurant has been honored with the Michelin star and him being considered as the world’s greatest chef. Success in business can only be achieved if the entrepreneurs are passionate about what they do. For instance, the title of the documentary is derived from Jiro himself who indicates that he dreams of Sushi i.e. how to prepare it, serve and craft a be tter brand for the next day (Amazon.com). He indicates that he has never hated his business and is always ecstatic when preparing the Sushi. Closer analysis of the movie indicates that Jiro’s success is not only a product of love for Sushi, but also the pursuit for excellence. This downplays the behavior of those entrepreneurs who jump from one industry to another. They should understand that success is not about possession of many ideas; it is the art of creating and enacting change in the product line in relation to customer satisfaction. This establishes the passion that makes a person attend to the needs of the customer whole heartedly and be committed to the business for a long time like Jiro. This movie educates the aspiring entrepreneurs on the necessary principles required for one to be successful in business. They should understand who they are, prioritize their work and understand that pursuit for success bears a substantial price. Jiro came from a broken marriage a nd personally fed for himself since childhood. According to Amazon.com, he was a bully during his childhood days. The restaurant business saved his life. The focus on business products such as Sushi can transform one’s life. Work provides business people with focus, discipline and the relentless urge to improve marketing techniques. Personal realization has enabled Jiro to cater for the needs of customers and uphold customer satisfaction in the process. The restaurant’s popularity is related to the excellent skills he applies in serving customers i.e. serving left-left handed people on the left and making the sushi relatively smaller for women. The pursuit of Jiro’s sons in perfecting their craftsmanship indicates that focus on work is the most eminent recipe of a successful business. In one of the movie scenes, the senior apprentice describes how he made the egg Sushi for six months before it was deemed acceptable by Yoshikazu. The egg sushi could not have been popular among customers if the apprentice focused on the monetary returns of the product instead of improving value. Another aspect of business success stipulated in the movie is cleanliness. Cleanliness is one of the requirements of ensuring customer satisfaction. Jiro asserts, â€Å"If the restaurant doesn’t feel clean, the food isn’t going to taste good† (Amazon.com). Users will never enjoy products that are not clean. Perfection comes along at a heavy price. Jiro started his business as a

Exporing the Social Application and Consequences of Eugenic Theory Essay

Exporing the Social Application and Consequences of Eugenic Theory Using Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray and Wells' Time Machine - Essay Example , ought to reproduce according to scientific principles to generate the best possible genetic pool†¦Eugenicists regarded their movement as a rational and humanitarian effort to improve the human condition (Barrett 497). However, the eugenics movement led to the policies adopted by Hitler and the Nazis in their genocide of the Jewish people. Germany is not the only country to have a history of eugenics in official policy; the United States sterilized many people with mental handicaps in the 1920’s under the ideal of improving the human race. The genocide of World War II and the sterilization of mentally handicapped people are examples of extreme and direct eugenic policies. There are, however, less direct ways in which eugenics is implemented, such as through social classes. People of an upper class refusing to associate and mix with people of a lower class keeps these social classes genetically separate. Such an idea can be found in The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. H.G. Wells, however, attempts to show the consequences of implementing such a eugenics policy in his novel The Time Machine. In viewing these works together, we can see how Wells was responding to the sort of ideas found in Wilde’s work and the negative consequences of such policies. The promotion of the separation between social classes can be seen most clearly by the title character Dorian Gray and Lord Henry Wotton. In specific, we can see how their attitudes towards Dorian’s involvement with the actress Sybil Vane and Dorian’s admittance to the murder of Basil Hallward most clearly states these ideas. These attitudes, though not directly advocating eugenics, clearly would lead to the fragmented society portrayed in Wells. Dorian falls in love with the actress Sybil Vane mostly because he finds her to be incredibly talented. In eugenics, it is believed that talent is genetically linked (Field 3), so since he found her so talented she was acceptable as a mate, even

Cooperative Learning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cooperative Learning - Research Proposal Example This may be due to the fact of clashing personalities and possession of strong ideas that may be hard to reconcile with others. In this regard, cooperation is hailed as a fundamental concern, not only of the educators but also in both local and global organization perspectives (Slavin, R. et al., 1985) The purpose of this paper is to present and exemplify some possible solutions that address to the emerging problem in the aspect of cooperation, as well as to cite possible ways in order to enhance the so-called cooperative learning among members of a team, group, an organization, or the stakeholders in general. "We are intelligent, but an intelligent human alone in the forest would not survive for long" (Slavin, 1985, p. 5). This quoted line from Robert E. Slavin (1985) exemplified the essence of cooperation with other individuals living in the society. In this manner, there must be a need to develop one's skills to cooperate and socialize with other human beings. Nevertheless, conflicts are also inevitable in due course of human group interaction. This may be due to the individual characteristics that could affect group interaction.

Charities Essay Example for Free

Charities Essay The legal definition of charity has historically been somewhat elusive and stands distinct from any understanding of charity in a general or popular sense. As Lord Wright observed, in its legal sense the word â€Å"charitable is a word of art, of precise and technical meaning†[1]. Viscount Simmonds further remarked that, â€Å"no comprehensive definition of legal charity has been given either by legislature or in judicial utterance, there is no limit to the number and diversity of ways in which man will seek to benefit his fellow men†. The Preamble to the Charitable Uses Act 1601, also referred to as the Statute of Elizabeth I, contained a list of purposes which were then regarded as charitable. It assumed a central role for the courts as a reference point or catalogue of accepted instances of charity until almost 300 years later when Lord MacNaughten in the Pemsel case, famously classified charitable objects into four principal divisions: (i) trusts for the relief of poverty, (ii) trusts for the advancement of education, (iii) trusts for the advancement of religion, (iv) trusts beneficial to the community not falling under any of the preceding heads. These four heads of charity were used as reference whenever the inherent charitable nature of a purpose or institution was questioned until the Charities Act 2006 received royal assent. Section 2(2) of the 2006 Act now provides a modern statutory definition of charity by listing 13 descriptions of purposes deemed charitable at law. In order to be charitable, an organisation has to be established for one or more purposes within the descriptions recognised by the law as capable of being charitable, and for the public benefit. Charity law in England and Wales has developed within the context of the traditional monotheistic religions but it has embraced for many years religions other than Christianity and Judaism. In Bowman[3], Lord Parker effectively held that it was not just the promotion of Christianity that would be recognised but that the Courts of this country were not precluded â€Å"from giving effect to trusts for the purposes of religions which, however sacred they may be to millions of His Majestys subjects, either deny the truth of Christianity or, at any rate, do not accept some of its fundamental doctrines†. Furthermore in the Commission’s Scientology[4] decision it was firmly established that â€Å"The law does not prefer one religion to another and as between religions the law stands neutral†[5]. The English courts have, for a long time, resisted closely defining what makes some belief systems religious and others not. However in the Scientology case, the Commissioners accepted that there are various characteristics of religion which can be discerned from the legal authorities: †¢ Belief in a god or a deity or supreme being – R v Registrar General[6] †¢ Two of the essential attributes of religion are faith and worship: faith in a god and worship of that god South Place Ethical Society[7] †¢ To advance religion means â€Å"to promote it, to spread the message ever wider among mankind; to take some positive steps to sustain and increase religious belief and these things are done in a variety of ways which may be comprehensively described as pastoral and missionary†. United Grand Lodge v Holborn BC[8]. Having considered these characteristics, the Commissioners concluded that the definition of a religion in English charity law was characterised by a belief in a supreme being and an expression of that belief through worship. This definition is further refined in the 2006 Act where s2 (3) a gives a partial definition of the word religion. However, the law does not automatically recognise as a religion everything that may designate itself as a religion and there are some principles to which a purpose must conform if it is to be regarded as within the Charities Act’s description of ‘the advancement of religion’. These general principles are gathered from the common law of England and Wales but also take into account the body of law which has developed concerning the European Convention right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. As a general proposition, for its advancement to be capable of being charitable in this context, a religion should have a certain level of cogency, seriousness, coherence and importance[9]. Also, in order to be charitable for the advancement of religion, the content of any system of faith and worship has to be of a positive nature, impacting beneficially on the community. Sir John Wickens, V-C. in Cocks v Manners[10] observed: â€Å"It is said, in some of the cases, that religious purposes are charitable, but that can only be true as to religious services tending directly or indirectly towards the instruction or the edification of the public†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hence, to be charitable a religious purpose has to be serious, tend directly or indirectly to the moral and spiritual improvement of the public as well as being for the public benefit. In Holmes v Attorney General[11] Walton J commented: â€Å"†¦ It is not for the benefit of the adherents of the religion themselves that the law confers charitable status, it is in the interests of the public. † Hence, as a general proposition, in the case of charities for the advancement of religion the purpose must not simply be for the benefit of the followers of the particular religion. Formerly, the proposition stated that â€Å"as between different religions the law stands neutral, but it assumes that any religion is at least likely to be better than none†[12]. Plowman J in Re Watson[13] considered a case for the publication and distribution of the fundamentalist Christian writings of an individual where he quoted authority that the court does not prefer one religion or sect to another and said that where the purposes in question are of a religious nature then the court assumes a public benefit unless the contrary is shown†. He then went on to say that the only way of disproving a public benefit is to show that the doctrines inculcated are adverse to the very foundations of all religion, and that they are subversive of all morality. However, that part of the judgment being inconsistent with the judgment of the court of appeal and opinions given by the House of Lords in Gilmour v Coats, where it was held: â€Å"†¦the question whether a trust is beneficial to the public is an entirely different one from the question whether a trust is for the advancement of religion†, it is not regarded a binding. Since the Charities Act 2006, there is no longer any presumption that, because a purpose falls within the description â€Å"the advancement of religion†, it is for the public benefit. Section 3(2) of the Act provides: â€Å"In determining whether [the public benefit] requirement is satisfied in relation to any †¦purpose, it is not to be presumed that a purpose of a particular description is for the public benefit†. Hence, with the removal of the presumption and in the modern context the proposition may now be interpreted as meaning that advancing religion can be seen as a public good if such advancement can be demonstrated to be in relation to a system having a benign and positive content which is being advanced for the benefit of the public. Over the years, there are some purposes which, despite being beneficial and religious and indeed seriously religious, did not fall within the legal framework. For example, fostering private piety, although being a religious activity, is not a charitable purpose due to the absence of benefit to the public. In Cocks v Manners[14] (supra) it was said that â€Å"a voluntary association of women for the purpose of working out their own salvation by religious exercises and self-denial seems to have none of the requisites of a charitable institution. † In the Re Joy[15] case it was held that the real object contemplated by the testator was the non-charitable purpose of improvement of the membership of a society by prayer. Further, in Re White[16], it was held that â€Å"a society for the promotion of private prayer and devotions by its own members and which has no wider scope, no public element, and no purpose of general utility would not be charitable†. Lord Simonds in the Gilmour[17] case later confirmed the decision in Cocks v Manners and said that activities â€Å"good in themselves but solely designed to benefit individuals associated for the purpose of securing that benefit, which may not have some repercussions or consequential effects beneficial to some section of the general community† do not meet the prerequisites of a charitable institution. In Re Warre’s Will Trusts, on the matter of a retreat house, Harman J said: â€Å"Activities which do not in any way affect the public or any section of it are not charitable. Pious contemplation and prayer are, no doubt, good for the soul, and may be of benefit by some intercessory process, of which the law takes no notice, but they are not charitable activities. † Thus, in Re Hetherington[18] it was held that the celebration of a religious rite in private does not contain the necessary element of public benefit since any benefit of prayer or example is incapable of proof in the legal sense and any element of spiritual or moral improvement (edification) is limited to a private not public class of those present at the celebration. However, in the same case it was also held that the holding of a religious service which is open to the public is capable of conferring a â€Å"sufficient public benefit because of the edifying and improving effect of such celebration on the members of the public who attend. † There are also other purposes related to religion whose pursuits have not been considered as charitable because the purpose itself is not exclusively charitable. For example a trust ‘for Roman Catholic purposes’ may not be for exclusively charitable purposes furthering the Roman Catholic faith[19]. Also a gift to an Anglican vicar of a parish â€Å"for parochial institutions or purpose†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[20] was not considered charitable. A bequest to an archbishop to be applied â€Å"in any manner he might think best for helping to carry on the work of the Church in Wales†[21] is not charitable either and neither is a generally stated purpose â€Å"for religious, educational and other parochial requirements†[22]. On the other hand, In Re Schoales[23], it was clarified that there is no distinction, from the point of view of validity as a gift for charitable purposes, between a gift to the Church of England and a gift to another Church. A gift for the general purposes of a particular church or denomination or faith community falls are considered in law as a gift which has to be applied only for such of its purposes as are for the advancement of religion for the public benefit, and hence charitable. As mentioned above, charitable purposes require some promotion or advancement that is to â€Å"spread its message ever wider among mankind; to take some positive steps to sustain and increase religious belief†[24]. Proselytising is one way of advancing religious purposes[25] but it may raise public benefit issues if it breaks the law or results in harm or detriment. Therefore, it would not be compatible with public benefit principles for an organisation to seek to inhibit anyone from their rights of freedom of thought, conscience or religion (Article 9 ECHR) and to manifest or change such beliefs. This matter was considered in Kokkinakis v Greece[26] and the court in considering attempts to forbid activities of a Jehovah’s Witness confirmed that a democratic society has a plurality of beliefs and held that freedom to manifest one’s religion includes the right to convince one’s neighbor. But, the court drew a clear distinction between bearing Christian witness and improper proselytism by stating that the former was true evangelism and the latter representing a corruption or deformation of it. Furthermore, proselytising being unlawful in some countries, the Commission dealt with the issue of whether it was possible to recognise a religious purpose as charitable in England and Wales which is not charitable and may be illegal abroad in its annual report in 1993 which mentioned: â€Å"One should first consider whether they would be regarded as charities if their operations are confined to the United Kingdom. If they would, then they should be presumed also to be charitable even though operating abroad unless it would be contrary to public policy to recognise them. Hence, an organisation whose purpose is to proselytize, even if its activity is carried out internationally, may be charitable in England and Wales unless it causes harm or detriment which outweighs the public benefit. The High Court considered the statement in the Sonsino case[27] in 2002 and upheld it. However, it still remains unclear as to what the courts would rule contrary to public policy. Another way of advancing a religion would be by means of undertaking pastoral work. However, where a charity is operating solely for the purpose of advancement of religion, then any secular pastoral work which it undertakes should be as a means of advancing the particular religion. A convent in Cocks v Manners[28] was held charitable and there the nuns were engaged in exterior works (teaching the ignorant and nursing the sick) as part of their religious work. In the United Grand Lodge[29] case, Donovan J said that taking positive steps to sustain and increase religious beliefs was something done â€Å"in a variety of ways which can be comprehensively described as pastoral and missionary†. More recently, the Pilsdon Community House, a religious community living according to Christian principles and giving practical help in cases of drug addiction, drink, having been in prison or loneliness was considered in Re Banfield[30]. The court held that the fact that a religious community makes its services available to those of all creeds and of none does not prevent it being a charity for the advancement of religion also that furthering the purposes of the community amounted to the advancement of religion.