Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

similarity of Qualitative and Quantitative question MethodsNAME LUCKY AMADIDISCUSS QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS.INTRODUCTION. What is Research?Research is an inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the notice development. Research helps to acquire knowledge about a particular thing it is through to infrastand.It can as well as be seen as the systematic investigation into and discipline of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.Research methods ar often divided into both main typesQualitative Research methodsQuantitative Research methodsQualitative Method of Research.Qualitative research which is in like manner called Field research is done to gain a deep understanding of a specific transcription or event rather than the surface description.it is aimed at getting a better understanding through send-off experience, truthful reports and quotation of actual conversations, also aims to know how participants derive centre from their surroundings and how their centre influences their behaviour.Qualitative research makes use of observation as a selective information collection method this is the excerpt and recording of behaviours of people in their environment, observation is useful for generating in-depth descriptions of organisations or events, for obtaining information that is new(prenominal)wise inaccessible, and for conducting research when other methods atomic number 18 inadequate. The context or background of behaviour is included in observations of both people and their environment.Stages in Participatory ObservationSelection of a site and definition of problems, concepts and indicators.The problem or phenomenon of interest is first place by the tec he tries to discern what will yield the coarseest understanding of that problem. The police detective then identifies preliminary concepts and what entropy will be gathered as indicators of those concepts.The investigator chooses a system to move into the police detective.This involves an overt or a covert role for the researcher, issues may include how to record observations (writing notes, magnetic tape recordings, video tape) as well as ethical issues (privacy, confidentiality, etc.)Strategies include adopting a passive role at first, learning the ropes dont seek data aggressively until later be a researcher not a therapist, answer questions but dont become closely identified with some(prenominal) one person until you are sure it will not cost you information in the vast run, be non-persistence.Selecting people and events to observe.Primary sources also known as list informants of information are identified by the researcher. These people may be relied upon in the beginning to help the researcher get acculturated to the situation. The statements of key informants can be taken as evidence, even if their statements are somewhat self-serving. The researcher must also be aware of possible differences be tween the validity and intention of volunteered statements that are made in solution to the researchers questions.Develop relationships with the participants.Researchers must have the trust and confidence of the informants. Researchers must speak their wording and understand their world. The researcher can note the differences rather than accept one and reject the other. The researcher must determine whether certain things are not being said because of his or her role as researcher or whether they can use their position as neutral outsider to gain more than information.Analysing observations.The researcher can check whether none, all or some proportion of behaviours or events occur under distinct circumstances. A preliminary model can be generated to explain the data collected. Further observations are then collected which can strengthen or weaken the researchers preliminary model.Final analysis and interpretation.Models are checked against the evidence. Advanced concepts and evi dence for their support and refutation are checked. The major problem is how to present the data in a brief but meaningful form.Advantages of Qualitative research.It gives the researcher freedom to let the discipline unfold more naturally.The researcher gains more detailed and rich data in the form of oecumenical written descriptions or visual evidence such as photographs.It looks at the context and social meaning and how it impresss individuals.Disadvantages of Qualitative research.It is time consuming.It is tight to code data.It is not applicable to widely dispersed social settingsIt is difficult to control for researcher bias.Quantitative Research of Method.Quantitative research can be seen as explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods this method reduces the data into numbers, the researcher helps to analyse the data with the help of statistics. The researcher knows in advance what he/she is face for and all aspect s of the report card are carefully designed before the data is collected. Its verifiable is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.Process of Quantitative research method.Developing models, theories, and hypotheses of what the researcher expects to find.Developing instruments and methods for measuring the data.Experimental control and employment of variables.Collecting the data.Modelling and analysing the data.Evaluating the results.Principles of Quantitative Research.Objectivity is important.Methods and conclusions are examined by researchers for any possible bias.Researchers go to great length to ensure that they are really measuring what they claim to be measuring.External factors which might affect the result must also be controlled as it might be the other factor which produces the result.When looking at results the P value is important, P stands for probability. It measures the likelihood that a particular finding or observ ed difference is collectable to chance, P is between 0 and 1, the closer the result is to 0 the less potential it is that the observed difference is due to change, the closer the result is to 1 the greater the likelihood that the finding is due to chance and that there is no difference between the variables.Advantages of Quantitative method of research.It allows researchers to measure and analyse data.It helps to pay out test for hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using statistics.The researcher is more objective about the findings of the research.Disadvantages of Quantitative research.It doesnt study things in a natural setting or deal the meaning things have for different people unlike qualitative method of research.A large exemplar of population must be studied the larger the sample of people researched the more statistically completed the results will be.CONCLUSION.Each of these researches are done for a purpose just like Qualitative is done to gain understanding of a specific organisation or phenomena, Quantitative is done by analysing data with the help of statistics it has to do with numbers. Just like everything they both have their advantages and disadvantages.REFERENCESAnderson, ML and Taylor, H.F (2009) sociology.The essentials Belmont C.A Thomson Wadsworth.

Current ethical issue of abortion

Current good issue of miscarriage stillbirth in relation to native good respectable and functional honourableity Aran CauchiThe current ethical issue of spontaneous miscarriage is a broad and Byzantine ethical issue which basin be approached from many moral and ethical directions. Two such directions can be the deontological innate(p) Moral rectitude and the teleological or consequentialist Utilitarian ethics.Abortion, from the Latin aborior, to pass away, is an induced landmark of a pregnancy. Historically, as today, an abortion is the focal point of much controversy. The laws organisation abortion have changed considerably in the last fifty historic period to accommodate abortion as an option for a pregnant woman. A landmark US case giving a bring amend to wilful abortion occurred in 1973 set in motion by a woman called Jane Roe in Dallas, Texas. Roe wished to terminate her pregnancy, still in Texas at the time, only victims of rape or incest could procure a le gal abortion. The case reached the Supreme Court where the judges ruled that abortion was a constitutional upright to women, overturning laws in every state which denied abortion to women finished medically qualified doctors. Abortion is now legally allowed in many western countries for women. Since the legality of abortions came into effect, much debate has occurred from opposite so called pro-choice and pro- bearing groups, gathering many arguments from both deontological and teleological ethics.Utilitarianismis the imagination that themoral worthof an action is determined solely by its contribution to overallutility that is, its contribution to satisfaction or pleasure as summed among all people.1Utilitarianism places no emphasis on whether an action is right or ill-timed, right is only so make watererly the pleasure has been decided to outweigh the suffering in the circumstances resulting from the decision. Pleasure, in early Utilitarian thinking, was only concerned with the physical, e.g. universe well fed. bath Stuart Mill later begd that pleasure was also quantifiable in mind and apparitional terms. These higher pleasures he pointd outweighed the lower pleasures. Mill proposed, for example being well fed, at the expense of a mans spirituality was a lesser pleasure, and in effect, not as right as a spiritually enlightened man who was hungry. The hungry man experiences higher pleasure, as spiritual enlightenment lasts significantly longer than the feeling of being well fed.Consequentialist Utilitarians would argue that abortion is an tout ensemble so-so(p) act. The consequences resulting from the abortion determine the rightness. A particularised system of measuring the pleasure against pain can be utilize called Hedonic Calculus. Hedonic Calculus rootage proposed by Jeremy Bentham, measures pleasure/pain finished eight categoriesCertaintyDurationExtentIntensity withdrawnnessRichnessPurity2This calculus subjectively determines if the pa in outweighs the pleasure in a scenario of a potential abortion. A produce may need an abortion to save her own life if it is in peril due to her pregnancy, she cannot kick in to leave her baby birdren stimulateless. This scenario, shown through Hedonic Calculus allows abortion to be the right choice as 1. There is a high certainty the mother will die, 2. The duration of mourning for the family would be very long as would the duration of risk to her other children, 3. The pain and suffering for her surviving family would be very great and so on.A different scenario in which the mother seeks an abortion so she can go on a spend would be morally wrong as from categories 2. the pleasure of a child will last years comp bed to that of a comparatively short holiday, 4. The frenzy of the pleasure of a child is much greater and higher consequence as it is emotional and spiritual than a physical and emotional holiday. The fetching of a life can be justified in Utilitarianism as ther e are no standing rules of what is right or wrong for a general scenario, i.e. abortion. Every circumstance is different and warrants a set off evaluation to determine the correct action.Natural law is a sort out of deontological ethics, deon meaning duty in Latin. Natural lawor thelaw of personalityis a theory that posits the human race of a law whose content is set bynatureand that therefore has validity everywhere.3 These laws, created by God, are discernible to all peoples and are thought of as moral absolutes, innate(p) moral law theory implies that wediscovermorality we do notinventit,(J.P. Moreland, What Is Natural Moral equity). It is mans duty to be rational, and as God is rational too, it is rational that humanity must love God.Thomas doubting Thomas, a figurehead for inbred moral law proposed five primary precepts and other secondary precepts. The primary precepts proposed whereThe prolongation of the species through procreationThe education of childrenThe desir e to live in partyThe worship of GodThe preservation of the selfThese precepts are considered in immanent moral law to be the most basic aspirations of all humans. Aquinas believed that all humans wished to do good and follow the precepts but through ignorance to the Natural Moral Law, some could do wrong. Aquinas argued that good ethical decisions could be arrived at by reason alone. Humans have the origin of deducing what is good and what is wrong through application of their conscience.Natural Law, being deontological, imposes absolute rules that cannot be broken. Natural Law can be seen as order of magnitude provided by nature which exists for a purpose. A common criticism of Utilitarianism would be the difficulty of its real world application. The theory of a decision may be morally sound, but the limitless unexpected permutations prevent worthy ethical conduct from occurring once theory is put to practice.The Tribunal of the saintly Office, a catholic authority was once queried on the 4th of May, 1898 as to whether a foetus was allowed to be removed from its womb before natural prevail did so. The tribunal resolved that there was no exception to natural birth, even inducing premature labour with the intention of saving the babys life. However, if life saving surgery were to be performed on the mother, which would have consequences on the exploitation foetus, it should not be maintained that the fetal(sic)lifeis thereby directly attacked. The pestiferousis not do a means to obtain thegoodeffect for this would be to doevilthatgoodmight come of it.4 This fulfils the Natural Law requirement of the act of being good as separate from the concept of doing good. To be morally correct, one must not embark on a course of action which is right purely to obtain an evil or vain end. The right must be to manage neutral or correct consequences. This certainty of rules and moral action allows the system of Natural Law to be an unquestionable authority if set (p) alongside Utilitarian ethics which are in permanent flux.The Catholic Church supports the look of en soulfulnessment, where at conception a foetus is given a soul by God. A soul is viewed as a separate form to the physical body, but is linked inextricably until death. The act of abortion goes against the first precept of Natural Law, denying the continuation of the species through abortion. Even if that abortion would plump to saving a life, the authority to kill a foetus does not rest in humans hands. It is inhumane to end the life of a baby, as natural law theory holdsone may never directly intend to kill an innocent human being5. After conception, Natural Law argues that the foetus is human so is equal in right to life as its mother. There is no greater worth placed on the mother living than the child as both are considered equal. Utilitarianism would argue against the inflexibility of the rules of Natural Law regarding to the preservation of a childs life. Utilitarians wou ld argue that greater suffering may be caused by the preservation of a foetus life. The mother of the child may be a inveterate drug addict, and the chances of the baby growing up disadvantaged are high. It could be argued that the mother may not be fit to care for a child and the child would suffer a hard life, through mal-parenting and potential separation from the mother in later years. A possible course of action would be a wilful abortion by the mother to prevent suffering of a child. The rigidity of Natural Law allows no exceptions to be made, even if the pleasure resulting from an abortion vastly outweighs the pain. This rigidity of laws could cause unnecessary harm to many people.Correct decision making can stem from both deontological and consequentialist ethics. While Natural Moral Law argues that the laws of nature are absolute, Utilitarianism argues that no laws constantly serve the greatest good, and only through flexibility can good be achieved. The primary precepts of Natural Law indicate clearly that abortion is wrong so far as the taking of an innocent life, and interrupting the natural result of procreation. Utilitarianism states that abortion, like all actions is an entirely neutral act until the consequences are evaluated. Both ethical systems allow an luck for an individual to formulate an understanding of, and ethically right decision on abortion.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianismhttp//tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/religious-studies/comments/abortion-and-ethical-theory/Natural Law,International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.http//www.newadvent.org/cathen/01046b.htmhttp//www.lifeissues.net/writers/irv/irv_08natlaw.html

Significance of Departmental Accounting

Signifi fuckce of De go againstmental AccountingThis cross has d champion on wide research of pecuniary history. This report has five purposes. First erupt includes subdivisional novels report system and its importee. Second part lay downs a calculation for a given question. Third part includes four fundamental method of accounting beliefs such(prenominal) as acquittance de none, matching concept, discretion and consistency with examples. Forth part includes ingestionrs and gives of monetary accounting and statements. Finally fifth part founds a signifi deposece of topical anesthetic connection for line of credites and corporate friendly g all overnance, how it began and its importance.1.0 Departmental AccountsDepartmental accounts whitethorn be stated as a procedure of handwriting-keeping and accounting, the reason of which is to mother how much dough (or passing play) is make by from individually one section or department of a telephone line. In thi s context the term department government agency an income do department, as dealing outcomes will non be obtained for non- taxation fashioning department for example maintenance, trading or caution, etc. (Pendlebury Groves, 2004).If an enterprise act of five independent activities, or is divided into five departments, for carrying on disassemble functions, its management is generally involved in finding out the works outcomes of to each one department to ascertain their relative efficiencies. This potbelly be do likely only if departmental accounts ar prep ard. Departmental accounts argon of great(p) help and assistance to the managements as tuition for commanding the enterprise more than intelligently and effectively, since thereby all winsomes of waste either of material or of variety show are readily detected furthermore attention is drawn to inadequacies or inefficiencies in the working of departments or units into which the enterprise may be divided (Pendl ebury Groves, 2004).Signifi fecal matterce of Departmental AccountsPreparation of Departmental accounts is helpful to the line of work in the following respectsEasy to comparing the act of each departmentsDepartmental accounts enable the taskes to compare the performance of one department with another(prenominal) department. It as well as helps an boldness to rank departments development their earning harbors.The overall moolah on gross revenue, namely RM 490,000 on a turnover of RM 2,730,000 is probably quite fit yet in the absence of departmental accounting the loss incurred by Department C and D would not be revealed.Easy to guess departmental growthDepartmental accounting helps an transcription to evaluate each departmental growth separately on the basis of trading pass ons over period of time. An endeavour may be made to push up the sales of the department which is earning maximum put on. To explain it further here is an allegoryThe above table shows an individua l return growth of ABC organisation for three years. mathematical product D is a continuous loss do intersection whereas other products such as profit for product C is continuously decreasing over a period of time. Using departmental accounting for this organisation became easier for management to evaluate the performance of these products.Decision devisingDepartmental accounting makes it simplier for management to make conclusions if they are having more than one product, they ass actually forecast the future performance of a product. to the highest degree of the time decision includes some questions such as whether a product is profitable or not, if the product is not profitable whether they should continue to modernize that product or just eliminate it, what would be consequences of eliminating a product. here is a further interpretation using illustration 2.Management can actually decide whether they should continue to produce these five products establish on their growt h over a period of time. Let say product D as this product is continuously making loss since 2009, it became easier for management to decide whether they should produce product D or they should eliminate this product. what is more they can rank the product based on their profits. For example Product B is the virtually profitable product.Easy to prepare departmental budgetDepartmental budgeting assists an organisation to prepare budgets for each department. A budget jibes that an organisation can pay for comprises for all products and dont cook risk of spill into debt to keep contrast running. To construct a complete budget, an enterprise moldiness go out how to set aside finances for each department and attend how each department works simultaneously to make up the complete plan.ABC organisation can actually evaluate whether they can relent these departments or not. If we compare Department B and Department C, thus B is a profitable department whereas C is loss making de partment. instantly the management admit to decide whether they can afford expenses for Department C in next year or not beca do they are not sure whether it can generate profit or not in next.3.0 Four Fundamental Accounting Concepts3.1 Going Concern ConceptThe going mention concept assumes that barter will persist with its art activities in the foreseeable future thus the accountant will not aver that there is a desire to edit back on fear operations or an intention to liquidate. The significance of this concept is that items should be treasured not at their break-up think of but at their net book note prise, based on the estimation of the speak to of the depreciation provision. Without this assumption, preparation of the counterpoise sheet would be much more difficult (Pizzey, 2001).Examples of going concern conceptThe RM 2.6 posterion descent for Sara Ltd in 2012 is reported at the cost originally paid to purchase the inventory. This is a reasonable figure because , in the normal course of business, Sara Ltd can expect to sell the inventory for this amount, irrefutable some profit. But if it were assumed that Sara Ltd would go out of business tomorrow, the inventory would suddenly be worth a lot less. The going concern concept allows the accountant to record assets at what they are worth to a corporation in normal use quite than what they would sell for in a liquidation sale (Pizzey, 2001).Another example is fix assets, we show fixed asset at cost less depreciation to rather their current value in the second-hand market, because they are held by the firm not for immediate resale, but to be employ by the business until their working life is over. This is clearly an assumption on which the balance sheet is based (Pizzey, 2001).Before the accounts are certified as showing a dependable and fair view, the auditor must be satisfied that the company is a going concern and that it will continue to function successful in the future (Pizzey, 2001 ).This the profit measurement calculation is insulated from fluctuations in the value of fixed assets, and the spread of the capital cost of an asset over the years of its serviceable life, by depreciation, is resisted by this principle (Pizzey, 2001).3.2 Matching conceptThis is sometimes called the accruals principle. Its purpose is to match effort to accomplishment by setting the cost of resources utilize up by a certain activity against the revenue or benefits received from that activity. When a profit statement is compiled, the cost of the sobers interchange should be set against the revenue from the sale of those healthys, even though securely currency has not yet been received. Expense and revenue must be matched up so that they concern the same beloveds and time period, if a true profit is to be computed. Costs concerning a future period must be carried forward as a prepayment and aerated in that period, and not charged in the current profit and loss account. Expense s of the current period not yet entered in the books must be estimated and inserted accruals (Pizzey, 2001).Example of matching conceptJason pays rent for his guest house of 1000 RM per year, in a intumescency sum at the end of the year. If he did not use the accruals concept, accounts would show zero rent expenses for the first eleven months of operation and then a heavy rent expense at the end of the 12th month. In order to show more realistic and accurate monthly profit and loss accounts, he should accrue the sum of RM 1000/12 and then adjust for any differences at the end of the year.3.3 Prudence ConceptThe prudence concept is much referred to as the conservatism concept. The preparation of accounts requires judgements to be made close the future and because of the uncertainties associated with this a prudent or cautious nuzzle is required profit determination. Under this concept all pass judgment losses should be interpreted into account immediately they are known about, whereas expected gains are not recognised until actually realized. An example of the widespread use of the prudence concept is closing memory board valuation. The normal rules is that closing stock should be valued at cost but if the market value of the stock falls below cost then the market value should be used. This is the lower of cost or net realizable value that is generally applied to stock valuations (Pendlebury Groves, 2004).The prudence concept is clearly reusable in terms of preventing over-optimistic calculations of profit to be reported. Overstatement of profit dexterity lead excessive dividend payments being made or to incorrect investiture decision being taken. However, the concept of prudence should not be taken to excess because the netherstatement of profit which would result might be just as misleading as overstatement and might discourage enthronisation unnecessarily (Pendlebury Groves, 2004).3.4 Consistency ConceptIn accounting there are often several acce ptable ways of determining asset values and the symmetry of the cost of assets that should be borne by each accounting period. The consistency concept requires there to be consistency if treatment of like items within each accounting period and from one period to the next. In other wrangle once one of the generally accepted method actings is chosen then the method should usually be used consistently from year to year (Pendlebury Groves, 2004).However, if there are compelling and justifiable reasons for changing the method of valuing a finicky item. E.g. closing stock, then this is permitted under the consistency concept, but the impact of the change on current year profit and the impact the change would have had on accounts of the previous year should be reported to provide comparing (Pendlebury Groves, 2004).4.0 Users and Uses of financial statements and accounting studyThere are different kinds of users of financial statements. The users of financial statements may be inside or outside the business. They use financial statements for a large variety of business purposes and their ability to understand and analyse financial statements helps them to succeed in the business world.4.1 Classification of Users of monetary accounting InformationThe five users of financial statements are classified and explained as followsInvestorsInvestors are concerned about risk and return in similitude to their investments. They require instruction to decide whether they should continue to invest in a business. They similarly need to be able to measure out whether a business will be able to pay dividends, and to measure the overall performance of the business management (Riley, 2012).CustomersCustomers require data about the ability of the business to survive and prosper. As customers of the companys products, they have a long-term interest in the companys range of products and services. They may even be dependent on the business for certain products or services (Rile y, 2012).EmployeesEmployees are seeking security of usage and a return for the work they do. Employees would therefore be looking for indications that the company is doing well plenty to continue to trade into the future and is doing well enough to continue to employ them and is able to meet the salary and wages bill each month. If there is any profit or performance think component to the remuneration they will also be interested in the company performance and how close it is to triggering the bonus payments (Riley, 2012).GovernmentThere are many government agencies and departments that are interested in accounting breeding. For example, the IRCE demand information on business profitability in order to impose and collect Corporation Tax. For example Various regulatory agencies (e.g. the Competition citizens committee and the Environment Agency) need information to support decisions about takeovers and grants (Riley, 2012).BankersThe banks are a common source of short term fun ds for an organisation, and the place where cash is deposited as it is received. If the bank gives contribute to the company then they will be interested in the ability of the company to pay its interest and the loan amount back on the due dates. How profitable the company is and how good it is being managed will be important areas they will look at. In the case of grim businesses this will revolve around the faith they have in the owner/manager (Riley, 2012).4.2 Classification of uses of financial accounting informationAccounting provides companies with various pieces of information regarding business operations. It is often conducted by a companys internal accounting department and reviewed by a public accounting firm. Small businesses often have significantly less financial information recorded during the accounting run. However, business owners often review this financial information to determine how well their business is operating. Accounting information can also provide in sight on growing or expanding current business operations (Vitez, 2012).Performance ManagementA common use of accounting information is measuring the performance of various business operations. While financial statements are the classic accounting information tool used to assess business operations, business owners may conduct a more positive summary of this information when reviewing business operations. Financial ratios use the accounting information reported on financial statements and break it down into leading indicators. These indicators can be compared to other companies in the business environment or an industry standard. This helps business owners understand how well their companies operate compared to other established businesses (Vitez, 2012). bring out Budgets business enterprise owners often use accounting information to create budgets for their companies. historical financial accounting information provides business owners with a detailed analysis of how their comp anies have spent money on certain business functions. Business owners often take this accounting information and develop future budgets to ensure they have a financial road map for their businesses. These budgets can also be adjusted based on current accounting information to ensure a business owner does not restrict outgo on critical economic resources (Vitez, 2012).Business DecisionsAccounting information is ordinarily used to make business decisions. Decisions may include expanding current operations, using different economic resources, purchasing new equipment or facilities, estimating future sales or reviewing new business opportunities. Accounting information usually provides business owners information about the cost of various resources or business operations. These be can be compared to the potential income of new opportunities during the financial analysis process. This process helps business owners understand how current business operations will be requireed when expa nding or growing their businesses. Opportunities with low income potential and high cost are often rejected by business owners (Vitez, 2012).Investment Decisions international business stakeholders often use accounting information to make investment decisions. Banks, lenders, venture capitalists or private investors often review a companys accounting information to review its financial health and operational profitability. This provides information about whether or not a small business is a shrewd investment decision. Many small businesses need external financing to scratch line up or grow. The inability to provide outside lenders or investors with accounting information can severely limit financing opportunities for a small business (Vitez, 2012).5.0 Why company is important for an organisationA topical anesthetic community is a group of interacting people sharing an environment. In humanity communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of oth er conditions may be present and common, change the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999).Business activity occurs within a community, and it is important that the community is considered in major business decisions. Businesses face community in different roles such as they could be potential employees and customers who can help the organisation be successfully. Without the community there would be no business. Community can influence business in different manners such as (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999)Customers as a communityCommunity can reducing demand for an organisations product because customers are also a part of community. If businesses affect community in a negative manner such as providing low quality product, harming environment by pollution and so on, then customers as a part of community will prick reducing their demand for that accompaniment businesses product. If demand for their product will decrease then the company would be making a proficient loss and without making profit, an organisation cannot survive (Taylorr, 2010).Employees as a communityEmployees are also a part of community and they also have a power to influence an organisation. If an organisation does not play a good role in community, then employees can actually strike or stop working in that organisation. Labour strike is a serious problem for an organisation because it can reduce the output. Reduction in production can also be a loss making postal service for an organisation (Taylorr, 2010).Investors as a communityInvestors also play a role as a community for an organisation. By having a liberal two-base hit in community, it stops investors to invest in particular businesses because investors are concern with their return on investments. If an organisation has a bad stunt man on community, chances are high for decrease in stock value of an enterprise, which will effect investors decision of investing in a particula r organisation (Taylorr, 2010).There are many other reasons which create a value of a local community for an organisation while making decisions. The best idea for survival of an entity is to have a good birth with local community.5.1 Corporate Social ResponsibilityCorporate social obligation means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment it implies that negative business impacts on people and society should be acknowledged and corrected if at all possible. It may require a company to forgo some profits if its social impacts are soberly harmful to some of its stakeholders or if its funds can be used to promote a positive social good (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999).5.1.1 How corporate social accountability beganIn the United States, the idea of corporate social duty appeared around the turn of the twentieth century. Corporation at that time came under attack for being too big, too powerful, an d guilty of antisocial and anticompetitive practices. Critics assay to curb corporate power through antitrust laws, banking regulations, and consumer-protection laws.Faced with this kind of social protest, a few farsighted business executives advised corporations to use their power and influence voluntarily for huge social purposes rather than for profit alone. Some of the richesier businesses leaders for example steelmaker Andrew Carnegie became great philanthropists who gave much of their wealth to educational and charitable institutions. Other like, automaker Henry Ford, developed paternalistic programs to support the recreational and health needs of their employees. The point to emphasize is that these business leaders believed that business had a state to social that went beyond or worked in parallel with their efforts to make profits (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999).As a result of these early ideas about businesss expanded role in society, two broad principles emerged which are The Charity Principle and The Stewardship Principle. These principles have shaped business view about social responsibility during the twentieth century and are the base stones for the modern ideas of corporate social responsibility (Post, Lawrence, Weber, 1999).5.1.2 Importance of Social plaque in businessesAn easy way to build its brand, reputation and public penBeing socially answerable creates goodwill and a positive image for an organisation. Trust and a good reputation are some of companys most valuable assets. In fact, without these, one wouldnt even have a business. integrity can nurture these important assets by being socially trusty (Taylorr, 2010).It is however, crucial that an organisation devise the right socially responsible program for their business. When used properly, it will open up a myriad of new relationships and opportunities. Not only will an association success grow, but so will companys culture. It will become a culture which an entity, its sta ff and the wider community genuinely believe in (Taylorr, 2010).It attracts and retains staffSocially responsible companies report increased employee commitment, performance and job satisfaction. By attracting, retaining and engaging staff, doing well for others reduces an organisations recruitment costs and purifys work productivity (Taylorr, 2010).It attracts more customersBranding business as socially responsible differentiates it from competitors. The Body Shop and Westpac are companies who have used this to their advantage. Developing innovative products that are environmentally or socially responsible add values and gives people a good reason to demoralise from that organisation (Taylorr, 2010).It attracts more investorsInvestors and financiers are attracted to companies who are socially responsible. These decision-makers know this reflects good management and a positive reputation. Businesses should not underestimate this influence it can be just as important as a companys financial performance. In fact, it may be the deciding factor in choosing to support company (Taylorr, 2010).It encourages professional and personal growthEmployee can develop their leadership and project management skills through a well-designed corporate social responsibility program. This may be as simple as team make exercises, encouraging employees to form relationships with people they would not normally meet (Taylorr, 2010).It helps to cut business costsEnvironmental initiatives such as recycling and conserving vigor increase in-house efficiency and cut costs. Introducing a corporate social responsibility program gives an organisation a good reason to examine and improve on its spending (Taylorr, 2010).6.0 ConclusionAfter conducting this report we have get that departmental accounting is irresponsible for an organisation with more than one department because it make business activities more effective. Another thing we have look at is it very important for a survival in a local community to perform corporate social responsibilities, without doing right for community its hard for an organisation to survive in long term. Furthermore we have learnt that it is compulsory for businesses to apply fundamental concepts while preparing financial statements.

Periodontal Health of Libyan Pregnant Women

Periodontal Health of Libyan Pregnant Women copBackground Pregnancy- associate changes atomic reckon 18 more or less good on gingival create from raw material those observed changes necessitate been the object of interest for a long time. A turning of researchers reported the standstill in the midst of periodontic salubriousness of meaning(a) women and socio- scotch circumstance. No find push through on such(prenominal) subject has been performed so outlying(prenominal) in Libya. The aims of the present say atomic number 18 to evaluate the periodontic placement in a render of Libyan expectant women and to identify the association between various socio-economic variables ( facts of life, concern and income) and womens periodontic status. Pregnant womens age, introduce of gestation period and number of pregnancies were particularly considered in the analysis of the data. The procureed data could be reformative in home domesticate oral wellness packaging a nd periodontal affection legal community programs for great(predicate) women. Materials and Methods A total of 34 Libyan heavy(predicate) women in varying story of pregnancy experienceing the gynecology division at the policlinics in Benghazi-Libya constituted the target cosmos. After the participants filled in a questionnaire, their periodontal status was assessed by the researcher using the participation Periodontal Index (CPI), some(prenominal) tellingship to socio-economic variables ( teachingal direct, occupational status and income) and womens age, tier of pregnancy and number of pregnancies was evaluated. Data-entry and analysis were performed with the help of SPSS. Results The results showed that the CPI scores tends to summation as socio-economic status decrease. Further to a great extent(prenominal), the CPI scores tends to increase as womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies increase. Discussion The CPI scores of pregnant women were gamey i ndicating a moderate to severe periodontal disease. Such finding whitethorn be related to the fact that the majority of pregnant women were comparatively old, in their third trimester, multigravidae, with primary level of education and ho spend wives. Conclusion The results revealed that periodontal health of Libyan pregnant women tends to associate with socio-economic status, womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies. Therefore oral health promotion and periodontal disease saloon programs should target the identified risk groups.IntroductionThe introduction will concur a interpretation of the context in spite of appearance which the study took place, statement of the problem, description of the country in which the study took place and the policlinics in which the study was undertaken. excessively the introduction will earmark data on the motivation and physical object of this study and the study question.BackgroundSex-particular pro government agency medi cine is medicine tailored to action the specific needs of men and women, based on the results of scientific research. Clearly, more research is needed, particularly as it relates to women. Studies argon under way and more be existence designed to firmness of purpose specific questions and determine specific strategies to prevent and treat diseases that decl atomic number 18 particular impact on women (Krejci Bissada, 2002). Womens health issues have come to the forefront of medical exam research scarce within the last decade. This came more or less single later on signifi shtupt pressure was exerted by physicians and activist groups that recognized that the majority of clinical trials involved men primarily and that sex differences were not being addressed (Angell, 1993). These inequities prompted the Institutes of Health to begin financing research focused on sex differences. This, in turn, triggered other investigations into a variety of womens health issues, and an i ncreasing body of sex-specific scientific literary forms has emerged (Krejci Bissada, 2002). The habitual medical viewpoint relates to biological guides in the male as the norm, temporary hookup the female is considered to be exactly the equivalent except for re proceedsive functions. This has charter to a lack of aw beness of the need to study the implications of gender differences in periodontal tissues (Covington, 1996). Although dentition ar gender free, the supporting tissues of the periodontium are dangerous to the physiological variations in the levels of circulating steroid hormones in males and females (Tilakaratne et al., 2000). ace of the unchangeable puzzles of commonplace health is why many universe of discourses are healthier than others.For long time dentists and periodontists have been aware of the loads of pregnancy on the oral health of expectant mothers.Pregnancy is associated with great anatomical and physiological changes of varying conformation s (Herman, 1923). Pregnancy-related changes are most severe on gingival tissue those observed changes have been the object of interest for a long time. Many investigators have say that bleeding on probing and increased periodontal pocket are more common in pregnancy. The severity of the gingival inflammation in pregnant women is greater when compared to gingival inflammation in normal women (Hiling, 1950). in solely the studies show a spicyschool prevalence and an increasing severity of gingivitis during pregnancy. In an effort to determine the nature of this increased inflammation, galore(postnominal) more studies have since been carried out.Three main schools of thought have prevailed in regard to its etiology. some(prenominal)(prenominal) believe in a local etiology (Monash, 1931), others in vitamin C as a primary agent (Hiling, 1950), and others in the importance of the hormonal factors (Ziskin Nesse, 1946).Socio-economic status is associated with a variety of health- related behaviors. Epidemiological studies indicate that lower SES is associated with poorer health outcomes. A multitude of disease conditions are associated with socioeconomic status, and cause/effect (e.g., complaisant stress as a contributory cause of pump disease) is plausible (Marmot Wilkinson, 1999) Gener on the wholey, those who are better ameliorate, wealthier, and live in more desirable circumstances enjoy better health status than the less educate and poorer segments of society. Periodontal disease is a common disease in universe that whitethorn be affected by the socio-economic status. The effects of the socio-economic status on periodontal conditions in pregnant women have been reported by a number of researchers and there has been speculation as to whether hormonal changes during pregnancy or pre-existing conditions of general, oral health and socio-economic status have a greater effect on the development of periodontal disease during pregnancy. Dentistry can be vital in improving prenatal outcome and parental or fetal alveolar health through screening, referral and education of pregnant patients.Statement of the ProblemRelevant topic in pregnant women concern. No study on such subject is being recorded so far in Libya. Given the realistic association between periodontal disease and severe systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, periodontal status may itself be a risk factor for mortality rate (Beck et al., 1996). What has come to the forefront of recent periodontal investigations, however, is the relationship between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes (Krejci Bissada, 2002). A recent report (Jeffcoat et al., 2001) indicated that the risk of preterm nascency was immediately related to the severity of periodontitis in the mother. Pregnancy affects the asylum and progression of gingivitis and periodontitis (Brian Perry, 2002) and this disease if left untreated, can lead to teeth loss. Periodontal disease is a c hronic condition with an infectious origin. person-to-person transmission of periodontal pathogens occurs via spittle, and increased frequency of exposure to infectious saliva increases the likelihood of bacterial colonization (Asikainen et al., 1997). Periodontal pathogens can be familial among family members (Asikainen et al., 1997), and familial transmission may be a risk factor for progression to periodontal disease (Zambon, 1994). Periodontal disease was chosen because its prevention and treatment provide a second major part of the workload of practicing dentists. Both dental caries and destructive periodontal diseases are passing prevalent and create much morbidity all everyplace the humans because they are very expensive to treat, requiring skilled personnel and respectable amounts of master copy time.Understanding socioeconomic influences on periodontal health in pregnant women is important for planning and implementing effective prevention strategies against periodont al disease since many studies have shown that the periodontal disease in pregnant women not only influences their own oral health status but in like manner may increase their risk of other diseases such as atherosclerosis (Slade et al., 2003), rheumatic arthritis (Mercado et al., 2000), diabetes (Thorstensson et al., 1996), impact pregnancy outcome (Offenbacher et al., 1996 Jeffcoat et al., 2001), and their offsprings risk of developing early and severe dental caries (Caufield et al., 1993 Kohler et al., 1983).LibyaThis study took place in Libya, officially cognize as the Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Located in marriage Africa and bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Ghad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west and has a coastline of around 1900 kilometers along the Mediterranean Sea (World Health establishment WHO, 2007). With an cranial orbit of almost 1.8 one millio n million square kilometers, Libya is the 17th largest country in the world by area (United Nations UN, 2003). The climate is mostly dry and desert like in nature. However, the blue regions enjoy a milder Mediterranean climate. Tripoli is the capital. The main language mouth in Libya is Arabic, which is also the official language. The religion in Libya is Islam. Libya is culturally standardised to its neighboring Maghrebian states. Libyans consider themselves very much a part of a wider Arab community. The flag of Libya consists of a green field with no other characteristics. It is the only guinea pig flag in the world with just one touch and no design, insignia, or other details.The main cities are concentrated in the northern part of the country along the coastal area. The six largest cities are Tripoli, Benghazi, Alzawia, Musrata, Derna and Sirte. The total population in 2007 was 6.16 million tribe (United Nations Population office UNPD, 2007). About 85% of the population is urban (UNPD, 2007), mostly concentrated in the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi. The total life expectancy in 2007 was 74 (female 76.5, males 71.3) (UNPD, 2007). Libya is witnessing an increase in the adolescent age group with 32% of the population below 15 years old in 2006 (WHO, 2007). As a result, the countrys population is fairly young, and the proportion of Libyans aged 65 years and over was 5% in 2006 (WHO, 2007).Libya is an crude petroleum-producing country, with its main income coming from oil revenue, as well as some petrochemical industry and agricultural activities. Libya receives no external bullion as development aid from any source of any kind (WHO, 2007).Health care, including preventive, curative and rehabilitation function, is provided to all citizens free of charge by the Government. Health expenditure as a fortune of GDP in Libya is about 3.3% (WHO, 2007) and health expenditure per capita in Libya is US $222 (WHO, 2007). The Government spends 60 mil lion Libyan dinars (1$ =1.256LD) annually for the medical treatment of Libyan citizens overseas (WHO, 2007).Population with access to health services (urban and rural) is 100% (WHO, 2007). Major hospitals are regain in urban areas. It should be noted that the country has achieved blue coverage in most basic health areas (United Nations Development course of study UNDP, 2002). The mortality rate for children aged less than 5 years wild from 160 per 1000 live births in 1970 to 18 in 2007(United Nations foreign Childrens Emergency Fund UNICEF, 2007). In 2007, 99% of one-year-old children were vaccinated against tuberculosis and 98% against measles (UNICEF, 2007). All payments in the private sector come directly as an out-of-pocket payment with the exception of some banks, private companies and the oil sector, which subsidize their employees medical coverage in the private sector.Some contractable diseases still pose a problem, such as AIDS, hepatitis, measles and tuberculosis. n oncontagious diseases have become a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The prevalence and incidence of noncommunicable diseases has increased dramatically over the past 20 years (WHO, 2007). Contributing factors include ageing, injuries and lifestyle habits. Cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes and cancer reputation for significant mortality and morbidity rates and have put considerable strain on health expenditure (WHO, 2007).The main causes of death are cardiovascular diseases 37%, cancer 13%, road traffic injuries (RTI) 11% and diabetes 5% (WHO, 2007).Tobacco use among youths of school age (13-15 years) is alarming, 15% of students currently use some form of tobacco products and 6% of students currently smoke cigarettes(WHO, 2007). fleshiness is also emerging as a major health problem. pathway traffic accidents (RTA), which result in 4-5 deaths per day and even higher(prenominal) figures for disability, are a major burden of disease (WHO, 2007). It is fair to s ay that Libya has, overall, make a very good job of providing comprehensive healthcare to all Libyan citizens whatever their regional domicile in the country (Otman Karlberg, 2007).second border district and Ibn-Zohr PoliclinicsThe policlinics in Libya perform a key role in maintaining health in Libyas population. Anyone in Libya can use the policlinics. It serves the Libyan people free of charge .There are 39 policlinics in Libya, with the capacity of discourse approximately 50.000 to 60.000 patients. They are out-patient clinic for all medical specialties staffed by specialty physicians in most areas of medicine.This study was undertaken at the second March and Ibn-Zohr Policlinics.The 2nd March policlinic is located at Al-Hadaek area in Benghazi-Libya, well connected to other parts of the city and can be reached within 15-20 minutes by car from any part of the city. Open from 8 am to 330 pm, six days a week. This policlinic has a variety of contrastive healthcare services st affed by specialized physicians and excellent nursing staff. It comp pilfers octette unalike departments, namely, dental department, gynecology department, internal medicine department, pediatrics department, public health department, ophthalmology department, first aid department and pharmacy. The dental department provides diagnosis, extraction, leveling and radiological services. The internal medicine department provides chronic disease trouble, intense illness treatment and follow-up of patients discharged from hospitals. The gynecology department provides family planning to prevent unwanted pregnancies, to manage gynecological disorders and to provide contraceptive cultivation and services and also antenatal and postnatal care. The pediatrics department provides management of common childhood illnesses. The public health department provides access to the subject immunization programme which is a major part of policlinic services, and growth observe for babies. The opht halmology department provides ophthalmological disorders management. The First aid department provides first aid services, constipate changing and minor surgery procedures like dressing and removal of stitches. The outpatient pharmacy provides the medication for the Libyan people free of charge. The typical patient reduce flow starts with registering at the reception thence the patient is referred to the clinic according to his/her complain, takes a number and waits for his/her turn, sees the doctor, goes to laboratory or X-ray (if unavoidable), sees the doctor again then drops the prescription at the pharmacy and takes the medication or is further referred to the hospital.The Ibn-Zohr policlinic is located at El-Berka area in Benghazi-Libya, and can be reached within 10 minutes by car from any part of the city having the same functioning system as other policlinics in Libya. It comprises four different departments, namely, dental department, gynecology department, public health department and dermatology department.HypothesisFor this study it was assumed that periodontal disease is common in Libyan women and may be influenced by pregnancy and socio-economic status.This study was conducted based on a quantitative approach to the association between socioeconomic status and periodontal health condition of pregnant women, considering 34 Libyan married pregnant women, varying in age from 20 to 41 years old, financial support in Benghazi-Libya. To avoid confounders, the participants for this study were recruited at random and from two policlinics in different geographic areas in Benghazi-Libya .The participants were recruited from the gynecology clinic at both 2nd March and Ibn-Zohr policlinics, during June 2009. After filing in a questionnaire by the participants about socio-economic status, the participants received an oral examination by the researcher to evaluate their periodontal health status. All socioeconomic components will be discussed in relation to their impact on the periodontal health of pregnant women. The socio-economic components that were considered in this study were education, occupation and income. The womens age, number of pregnancy and stage of pregnancy were particularly considered in the analysis.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to evaluate the periodontal status in a sample of pregnant Libyan women and to ask the relationship between various socio-economic variables (education, occupation and income) and the identified periodontal status.It will be interesting to compare and to investigate the different components of SES and periodontal condition of Libyan pregnant women and see if some have more influence than others. To analyze and discuss the data in the light of a possible influence of socio-economic status related factors on periodontitis in pregnant women, info about pregnant womens age, stage of pregnancy and number of pregnancies was obtained and particularly considered in the analysis of the data . The data frankincense obtained could be helpful in planning oral health promotion and periodontal disease prevention programs for pregnant women.The Study QuestionThis newspaper focused on the association between Libyan pregnant womens socioeconomic status and their periodontal health condition in Benghazi-Libya. This study seeks to answer the adjacent research question Is there an association between Libyan pregnant womens socioeconomic status and their periodontal health status?lit ReviewThis section contains what is known on the most important aspects related to the research question. It will show the past work done on the stated study question and what is known about the problem that is being studied. The literature section provides in- judiciousness development on the socio-economic status history in Libya including a section specifically for Libyan women, and will give in-depth information on the periodontal health, periodontal health and socio-economic status, periodonta l health and pregnancy, and on periodontal health, pregnancy and socio-economic status.Methods and Search StrategyDifferent methods and strategies to search for information on periodontal health, pregnancy and socioeconomic status were used. Search of the literature for critique papers published in medical electronic databases such as PubMed and bibliographies were undertaken using a set of predetermined keywords. The search schema was initially developed and implemented for PubMed but revised appropriately to retinue the other database. Furthermore different various(prenominal) journals were searched such as the diary of American Dental Association and others included on the BioMed Central and the customs Link websites. Additionally, official Libyan websites concerning general information about Libya and socio-economic status history in Libya were searched such as www.gpc.gov.ly. No restriction was situated on the year of publication.The search strategy involved using a comb ination of terms relating to periodontal health, pregnancy and socio-economic status to identify relevant articles. For periodontal health, the following keywords were used periodontal health, periodontal disease, periodontal status, dental status, oral health, oral disease, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontal destruction, periodontal condition, and peridontium. For pregnancy, the following keywords were used pregnancy, pregnant, gestation, reproductive, and gravid. For socio-economic status, the following keywords were used socio-economic, socio-demographic, and socio-cultural, brotherly class, social factors, education, occupation, employment, income and finance.The titles and abstracts of the studies identified by the search were screened for possible inclusion in the review. All potentially relevant articles were thoroughly reviewed. Their mention lists were searched for any related articles.The initial search revealed approximately 630 studies. After review of the abstract and / or complete text and after discarding the duplicates, around one hundred twenty-five collected articles served to identify potential articles that related to this study.The studies were grouped into categories periodontal health, pregnancy, socio-economic status, periodontal health and pregnancy, periodontal health and socio-economic status, and periodontal health, pregnancy and socio-economic status (relevant studies).Socio-economic condition (SES) History in LibyaThe living standards of Libyans have improved significantly since the 1970s, be the country among the ones with the highest quality of life in Africa. Urbanization, developmental projects, and high oil revenues have enabled the Libyan government to elevate its peoples living standards. The social and economic status of women has particularly improved. Various subsidized or free services (health, education, housing, and basic food products) have ensured basic necessities. Many direct and collateral subsidies and free services have helped raise the economic status of low-income families, a policy which has prevented extreme poverty. Libya is not a highly polarized society change integrity between extremes of wealth and poverty (CIA World Factbook, 2001).Regarding the growing role of women in Libyan society, undoubtedly impressive amount of legislation dealing with womens comparison has been developed recently (Otman Karlberg, 2007).Socio-economic Status (SES) ComponentsSocio-economic status (SES) is a complex phenomenon predicted by a broad spectrum of variables that is often conceptualized as a combination of financial, occupational, and educational influences (Mueller Parcel, 1981).Socio-economic status may be defined as any footprint which attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, and education (Marshall, 1998). The social and economic conditions in an individuals life are important determinants of its overall health situation. Most crucial factors are hereby education, employment and income (WHO, 2005). One of the strongest and most consistent predictors of a persons morbidity and mortality experience is that persons socioeconomic status (Marmot et al., 1987). Socioeconomic status is typically dual-lane into three categories, high SES, middle SES, and low SES to describe the three areas a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these categories any or all of the three variables (education, occupation, and income) can be assessed.Nearly all epidemiological studies use SES as an explanatory or a misrepresent variable, or for the selection of subjects or matching criteria (Wnkleby et al., 1992). instructionA persons educational attainment is considered to be the highest level (grade or degree) of education they have completed. statement is an important factor contributing to better job opportunities and a higher income, which can again impact an ind ividuals health in a constructive manner. Many studies have documented strong inverse associations between education and all-cause mortality (Feldman et al., 1989) as well as life expectancy (Sagan, 1987). Education may facilitate the acquisition of positive social, psychological, and economic skills and assets, and may provide insulation from adverse influences (Wnkleby et al., 1992). Higher education enhances furthermore the access to health information and improves the health seeking behaviour, whereas a low educational level bears a higher risk of inadequate coping with stress, depression, and hostility (WHO, 2005). The most plausible hypothesis is that education may protect against disease by influencing life-style behaviors, problem-solving abilities, and values (Liberatos et al., 1988).Education is available for all individuals regardless of employment status, has high reliability and validity (Liberatos et al., 1988).Over time, education has become the most normally used s tripe of SES (Liberatos et al., 1988). Educational level is generally stable after early adulthood, easily reported, and can be collected as a continuous variable (Wnkleby et al., 1992). It is may be the most judicious SES stride for use in epidemiological studies (Wnkleby et al., 1992). In studies that have a salute or time restraint but need a measure of SES as a potential confounding variable, education is an expeditious select (Wnkleby et al., 1992).Education in Libya is free for all citizens. The 1969 Libyan Constitutional contract bridge states,Education is a right and a duty for all Libyans. It is required until the end of primary school. Libya boasts of the highest literacy and educational enrolment rates in North Africa (WHO, 2007). The adult literacy rate is 86.8% (male 94.5%, female 78.4%) (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO, 2007). The main universities in Libya are Al Fateh University (Tripoli) and Garyounis University (Benghazi ). Significant numbers of Libyans attend university abroad, mainly in the United States of America and Europe (WHO, 2007).During the late 1960s, the percentage of females in elementary education was between 11 and 19%. By early 1970 the rate shot up to 37% and by 1990 it had escalated to 48%. The percentage of women at university level developed from 3% in 1961 to 8% in 1966, 20% in 1981 and then to 43% in 1996. By the early 1990 the number of females at all levels of education became equal to the number of males (Otman Karlberg, 2007).OccupationOccupational status as one component of SES encompasses both income and educational attainment. Occupational status reflects the educational attainment required to obtain the job and income levels that vary with different jobs and within ranks of occupations. Additionally, it shows achievement in skills required for the job. Occupational status measures social position by describing job characteristics, last making ability and control, and psychological demands on the job. Occupation measures prestige, responsibility, physical activity, and work exposures (Susser et al., 1985).In Libya, commencing with the Constitutional Declaration of 1969, which asserted the equality of all citizens in the beginning the law, and the Declaration of the Establishment of the Authority of the people in 1977, which asserted, Women and men are equal as human beings. Discrimination between men and women is a flagrant act of oppression without any justification.The legal position of women was reinforced by a series of important enactments through the eighties and 1990s, for example women can become judges since 1991, while many work as doctors and engineers in the oil industry (Otman Karlberg, 2007). Women were mobilized in the military and in the political system in the late 1970. There are also women lawyers and pilots. The percentage of women in the workforce is 32% (WHO, 2007).IncomeIncome refers to wages, salaries, profits, rents, an d any flow of sugar received. Income can also come in the form of unemployment or workers compensation, social security, pensions, interests or dividends, royalties, trusts, alimony, or other governmental, public, or family financial assistance. Income reflects spending power, housing, diet, and medical care (Susser et al., 1985). That better health is associated with higher income is well established.Income is related to health in three ways through the gross national product of countries, the income of individuals, and the income inequalities among rich nations and among geographic areas (Marmot, 2002).The income measure of SES can be used as a quantitative measure but is often grouped into categories due(p) to peoples reluctance and/ or inability to report their exact income. The sensitivity of this information is often problematic since many are unwilling to give out their income level, even in broad categories. Further complications with this measure include that it is relati vely unstable over time and is age dependent since income tend to rise throughout ones career and then drop after retirement.(Loue Sajatovic, 2004)The gross national income per capita (PPP international $) in Libya is US$ 14 710 (WHO, 2009). Approximately 7.4% of the Libyan population live below the poverty line (CIA, 2005 est.).In Libya, opportunities for upward social movement have increased and petroleum wealth and the development plans of the subversive government have made many new kinds of employment available, thereof opening up more well paid jobs for women especially among the educated young.Periodontal HealthThis section deals with the normal features of the tissues of the periodontium, knowl bunt of which is necessary for an arrest of periodontal disease.A section specifically for periodontitis epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and its main signs and symptoms is included. approach pattern Periodontal AnatomyThe tissues that surround and support the teeth for nor mal function form the periodontium (Greek peri- around odont-, tooth). The periodontium consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone.The gingiva is divided anatomically into the marginal (unattached), attached and interdental gingival. The marginal gingiva is the terminal edge of the gingiva surrounding the teeth like a collar, but is not adherent to it and it can be separated from the tooth surface with a periodontal probe. The cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) is where the enamel of the crown and the cementum of the root meet. The Marginal gingiva in normal periodontal tissues extends approximately 2mm coronal to the CEJ. The space between the marginal gingiva and the external tooth surface is termed the gingival sulcus. The probing depth of a clinically normal gingival sulcus in humans is 2 to 3 mm (Manfra-Maretta, 1990). The attached gingival is continuous with the marginal gingiva. It is firm, resilient, and tightly bound to the underlying alveolar bone . Attached gingiva is bordered coronally by the apical extent of the unattached gingiva, which is in turn defined by the depth of the gingival sulcus. The apical extent of the attache

Concepts of Black Identity

Concepts of bootleg individuationIn the term Skin Bl distributivelying, Self-Hate and Black individuation in Jamaica, Christopher Charles, tries to uncover the reason why Blacks in Jamaica decides to discolourise their skin. In the article, Charles, uncover the word Identity which separates whizz entity from the rest. Jamaica is a plural society (Charles, 2003) and many nasty Jamai sacks hear to be buy come forthed by the superior European subtlety. The major factor that contri just nowe to the low self-pride in Jamaicans ar the unforgiving m opposites telling their peasantren white is better than dark-br distinguishledge and br induce is better than black and their nappy hair is bad.Bleach has buzz off so prevalent in Jamaica. The Ministry of Health and the Police force had to be to a greater extent vigilant to crack follow done on bleaching. Many illegal products were seized by the police but with a determination to bemuse slightly new(prenominal) identi ty many black Jamaicans were cr eating their make home-made products. Female advancework forcet to be light-skinned or fair was blamed by the postindependence nationalist leaders. in that respect atomic number 18 many reasons why females bleach but the matchless that give births condescend to the fore is their concerned with their body image (Charles, 2003).Christopher Charles made many interesting points as to why black Jamaicans bleach. The issue even 10 year olds in coach are taking bleaching pill made me very upset. How could a m new(prenominal) or father put their own babe by such a horrible treatment just so that their child can be brown skinned and be accepted by society? Bob Marley once said until the colour of a mans skin is of no more than significance than the colour of his shopping malls. I gybe with this debate because Jamaican women has lost track of what is important and significant nearly of black beauty. I also support the fact that levys should pro tect their child from either danger but endangering your child while trying to protect them color-coded or keeping up appearance is non accepted at in all(a) in my book. I ring policy makers should put strict measures in place to severely deal with parents that strive to change the colour of their child skin and endanger them because the desire to change ones skin color to sprightliness diametrical from ones racial group is cause by the psychological scars of the hierarchical plural society (Charles, 2003).The statement there are persons who are black, and they jazz this fact is true as far as I believe. However, inkiness has less salience in the construction of their identities (Charles, 2003). For use, someone (black) was adopted at a young age at ab discover 12 by White parents. These white parents allow for teach their adopted child their nurses, norms and symbols because that is what the parent know to be right. The child identifying them as black but they calm dow n testament non portray much of the black nominal. Another example of one embracing the nominal of other group is whites who become Rastafarian. They are not neglecting their own identity but their self-affirmed identity is with the group or groups whose values, norms and symbols they obtain incorporated (Charles, 2003)In concluding, I do agree with Charles on many aspects. Most black women, especially Jamaicans, have no value for their skin color any more. Parents instill this norm in their kids at a very young age, and therefore they grow up with the said(prenominal) mentality to teach their kids. And therefore, the cycle continues. The compound system has miseducated our pile into believe that the only standard of beauty is the one defined by European ideals (Charles, 2003). reeducation (Charles, 2003) is necessary for our batch.Two Worlds by V.S NaipaulTwo publics defines how V.S. Naipaul, of Indian background, had to deal with the frankness of discriminating just well- nigh nothing of his ancestors other than his grandmothers house which had a little of the Indian account statement that their ancestors brought with them from India. He exsertd in a sphere where his Hindi lecture was minimal, only the alphabet was cognise among some, because the English spoken diction was penetrating through Trinidad. No one ingested about India and when they decided to ask about it was already overly late. As a writer his iniquity became his subject. He wrote on India, Africa, the colony and many other topics. He traveled to India to discover what India was corresponding because no one could have told him about India. He also traveled to polar Caribbean region to learn more about the colonial setting.I cant remember anyone inquiring. And now the memory is all lost (Naipaul,n.d), this statement touch me because the Caribbean has a rich register as mix wrangles that was lost because of the constant change in the colonial crucify. In Grenada, many year s ago we verbalize both English and french Creole but because of ignorance and selfish behaviors the french Creole language died with our great grandparents and was not pass down from multiplication to generation to preserve whats ours. scarce in St.Lucia French Creole has been passing down from generation to generation because they follow through the deprivation to preserve what makes them different from the rest of the piece and the Caribbean. Naipaul, (n.d) say that All children, I suppose, come into the world like that, now knowing who they are. But for the French child, that knowledge is awaiting. That knowledge bequeath be all around them. It will come indirectly from the conversation of their elders. It will be in the newspapers and on the radio. And at the school the work of generations of scholars, scaled down for school texts, will provide come idea of France and the French.The Mimic men written by Naipaul, even if his intention was of the book was different bu t it capture a meaning of how the Caribbean is still on the puppet mountain chain being Mimic by the slave master. Men who had grown to suspicion everything about themselves (Naipaul.n.d.). We are fit to do anything and achieve anything on our own but once the former colonial master no daylong in control get involved our inner slave starts to target itself, no longer we believe but obey and the Colonial men mimicking the condition of manhood (Naipaul, n.d.).In conclusion, Naipaul was lost in a world where he was born and a world where he was from. He travelled to India to discover where he came from, his ancestral cut (Naipaul,n.d.) and also the Caribbean. Naipaul say the world is al centerings in movement and so we as Caribbean mickle film to move with the world for if we remind in mental slavery will and not up elevate our self our ancestor would have fought for our exemption in vain.O Brave New World by Maryse CondeThe article O Brave New World by Maryse Conde raised s ome serious issues about globalization and what it operator for the Caribbean. First he spotlights, Caribbean countries be to be the most concerned with this future since they lack political and stinting power (Conde, 1998). This makes it difficult for Caribbean countries to compete in the global village against depression world countries. Secondly, Conde, shamelessly states Globalization does not frighten me but For me it means reaching out beyond national and linguistic borders both in veritable exchanges and transatlantic influences and in the expressive imagination of diasporic black communities (Conde, 1998). Here, Conde is masking that we do not ingest to have the largest economy nor political powers to establish down barriers. We need to emerge together to overcome all obstacles as one people. Finally, Conde, highlighted black people had no intention of solving individually the problems of their specific countries but looked towards the transnationalization of black kitchen-gardening as a consequence (Conde, 1998). He is elevateing that the barriers that once stood in front black people is outset to give way and we Negroes of all origin and nationalities with different customs and ghostlike vaguely sense that they belong, in spite of everything, to a single and equivalent race(Conde, 1998).Sitting here and envisageing how it is that we Caribbean people find it difficult to come together as one and not stand as individuals. atomic Montserrat in the Caribbean, unknown to the majority of westerners, emerged from obscurity when it was threatened by the volcanic eruption of the Soufriere. This is a perfect example of why we need to stand as one people and not wait for a tragedy to bring light to the Caribbean. I believe that we need to take ourselves out of the backward imagineing and move towards a future thats transnational and global. Conde stated No intention of solving individually the problems of their specific countries. I dont agre e with this statement because problematic countries will consume a lot of the other countries resources which will create even more problem for the resourceful country. For example, with the difficulties face up some African countries it would be hard to assist them. After encountering people of the same race from different countries, the statement Negroes of all origin and nationalities with different customs and religious vaguely sense that they belong, in spite of everything, to a single and same race. On the religious aspect of the quote, I would have to agree with Conde. For example, in a black society of different religions Rastas, Adventists and Catholics. Rasta believes that eating meat is bad, most Catholics believes that meat is advantageously, while the Adventists prize that pork (meat) is bad. butt everybody exist as one and not exist as peck in the same race? I think not and this will create a lot of in expirations and cause a division amid the people of the same race.In conclusion, the article, O Brave New World, has shown us that we still have a long way to go as transnational of black culture and with an ever changing world and each nation wanting to keep its own identity I think it would be difficult for any black nation to exist as one.Is Massa Day Dead?In the introduction of Is Massa Day Dead?, Orde Coombs highlight watt Indian society is essentially a pappyshow society in which serious thought and dreadful calamities are acknowledge with the briefest of attention so that one can go about the business of ones business (Coombs,1974). In the watt Indian society we give a blind eye to a lot of the serious issues or problems that plague our society in West Indian but in order to solve this issues we will have to change our way of thinking and remove The American ethnical juggernaut that smashes its way into the willing or unwilling psyches of all the islanders (Coombs, 1974). Derek Walcott portrays a view that give notices he accepts bo th side of his heritage and cannot let one fade and one prosper but give both relaxation because both are important to his life. Brathwaite had a different view that we should accept our Africanness and neglect the other half of our ancestors. Whereas Millette and Rohlehr believe that black people need to stand up and drive its intellectual dynamic against the deepening constrict of this age of neo-colonialism (Coombs,1974). Hodge, Thomas, Hodgson, Stewart, Edmondson all speak of striving for equality among all black people and most importantly to take pride in our Africannes of West Indian society.In the Is Massa Day Dead? Brathwaite bids us a go into the past to find the African and Amerindian in us, for only then can we become ourselves and measure the rhythm of our own creativity (Coombs,1974). Braithwaites views are that we should barricade about the European that is in some of us, for example, Derek Walcott, like the halves of a reaping seamed by own bitter juice, that ex iled from your own Edens you have set(p) me in the wonder of another, and that was my heritance and your gift. Walcott have both African and European in him and he claims both heritage and not one over the other but embracing of both cultures. Braithwaites view which I think dont withstand in this global village but Walcott views pin point the focalization that is being taking today as Coombs stated, black people have begun not only to probe their commonality, but to understand that the shibboleths that separate us. in that respect are Many of the more serious thinkers of these islands who want to usher in a just society, who wants to abolish privileges based on race or class (Coombs, 1974). In the Caribbean we are still, sort of under the slave master mentally because once islanders make a valuable contribution to the island their ideas are not analyzed, but they themselves are put under a netherworld of lights and their foibles and weaknesses exposed(Coombs,1974. With this type of mentality by islanders the island development will remind one place and not move forward but floats around like a piece of plank for all eternity. May be this receivable to the fact that Cultural juggernaut has penetrate our minds more then we think and it will and lot of education of our people and take us out of this illusion that America is better than us.In conclusion, I think that Coombs in effect displays a lot of the problems that we are faced with in the Caribbean. Among them, the inequality amongst men and women and how men still dominate and have high positions in society. However, in recent years, you will find women graduating with degrees and earning high positions in society. This intelligibly shows that woman are rising out of the mentally that women should be seen and not heard. Brathwaite and Walcott stand on their Africanness and Europeanness and for the many struggles that are still being fought by black thinkers to unshackle us from the neo-colonialism tha t still is with us today.West Indians and their Language by Peter A. RobertsWest Indians and Their Language by Peter Roberts highlighted how geography, politically, comment, history and culture connects the West Indies language. The term West Indian as define by Roberts, it confers on the people of many different islands an identity or homogeneity which all of them do not want to be associated with (Roberts, n.d.). The term West Indies, does not have a precise meaning or definition but Roberts gives a general meaning it refers to the very same islands or territories (Roberts, n.d.). Roberts made mention of how geography and politics influence the West Indies connectively. Geographically, the islands are separated into the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles there were separated because of the size of the islands and the infinite from each other. Politically, the West Indies European policy determined the entities in the Caribbean by creating great distances or close links bet ween the islands regardless of their actual distance from each other (Roberts, n.d.). Roberts, define the term language and a language. Language can be look at from the linguistic competency which the joining of the innate capacity (the child) and actual input from the society (words, phrases) (Roberts, n.d.). Languages in the West Indies change over time because of the constant chance of colonial (British, French) power which gives birth to the distinction of language throughout the West Indies. Roberts, highlights the varieties of language spoken in the West Indies. English which is said to be good or correct English thats not good or proper is dialect (Roberts, n.d.). Roberts also give details of Creole, Patois and Slang that is grapheme of the West Indies.Roberts enlighten me on West Indies language on how respective(a) our language is. I would have never thought that dialect is considered to be Standard West Indies English. Grenada, as history has shown, been through the Fre nch and the British hands for many years and finally become British about the 19th century (Roberts, n.d.). To look at why Grenada loss its French Creole I will take it from a cultural, educational and geographic point of view. First geographically, Grenada is located near to Trinidad than St.Luica and the other French Creole speaking islands. Cultural view because Grenada is now under the British rule, British will impose its culture on Grenada. Finally, from an educational view, British try or should I say eradicate French Creole through the use of school and teaching British language while the French Creole dead out.In conclusion, Roberts give a comprehensive reason of West Indies language on how it went through so many different circles till it ends up as it is today. French Creole and many other languages that was lost because we were washed absent of our African language and taught the European language English which is still considered bad or broken. West Indian English, ho wever, foreign other dialect of English (perhaps excepting Indian English), has features which are significantly difference in nature, features which have resulted from the nature of the contact between African and European and from the circumstances of development of language in the West Indies (Roberts, n.d.).The Roots of Caribbean Identity Language, Race and Ecology by Peter. A. RobertsIn the article The Roots of Caribbean Identity Language, Race and Ecology Roberts links how European countries embrace their identity which suggest that place, people and language are closely allied in the training of national identity (Roberts, 2008) and in the Caribbean we have a great lay of European influence such as the language, place and person. Also he highlighted the notion of identity (Roberts, 2008). We in the Caribbean are the same but even so we still are different and how we as social being set ourselves into classes. Finally, human societies are not static but no be how similar or different we are we will create a new identity that will either be accepted or not.Language is in part a universal human factor and in part a factor of place this statement makes me think of how we as humans are the same but yet so different when it comes to our language. For example, here in Grenada we have this stigma (distinct language) between people from the country side (St.Patricks) and people from the town (St.Georges). Recognize speakers from outside their confederation by their speech. Someone from the country side will speak more dialect than someone from the town and someone from the town will speak not restricted to use of a single language because in the town people consider themselves as speaking standard English, considering they live on the tourism belt. Roberts stated that a croak is in meaning what language or variety of language they speak. Many Caribbean islands national language is English because of the colonial ties with Britain. For example, if a tour ist comes to Grenada the taxi men and other people that come in contract with the tourist will know the nationality of that tourist base on their accentuate, for instance, if its a British tourist the taxi man will put on a British accent or if its an American the taxi man will put on an American accent. This is not a good way to appreciate our own language because the tourist might not even be able to understand what you are saying and this is why we as Caribbean people need to hold on to wants ours and pass it on from generation to generation. As Roberts mention while behavior may in some objective way be the best criterion for judging humdrum, it is the sense of sight (colour/race) and sound (language) that provide the initial and usually most deep-seated conclusions about sameness and difference in identity.The Antilles fragmentize of big Memory written by Derek Walcott tells us of how the Caribbean move from a history of violence to what it is today. He mentions how the Car ibbean culture is not evolving but already shaped (Walcott, 1992) and its proportions are not to be measured by the traveler or the exile, but by its own citizenry and architecture (Walcott, 1992). Which is true because when foreign looks at postcard they see blue sea, drinks with umbrella and they dont see the true nature of the island, the real history of the Caribbean. Walcott talks about how in Trinidad, the Indian people, reenact the Hindu Epic the Ramayana in the small village of felicity that shows the collective memory of its people which is the essence of human experience which goes way beyond any history that can be found in books.After reading and internalizing The Antilles Fragment of Epic Memory, I agree with Walcott on one fact, which I think has been plaguing us in the Caribbean for some time now and it still is pass on even if many efforts are being place in school to teach us about our history and not too much about the European history. As Walcott stated Every de sign is belittled as imitation, from architecture to music for example, in Grenada the government is introducing to its school curriculum, consume making, with the intention of passing on some of our history to the youth. straightaway most of the youth are straying towards the first world culture. For instance, you would not fine a kid playing some of the Caribbean games no more but they would engaged in video and computer games or take care MTV or the Disney World billet or some foreign channel that dont teach them about their culture or ancestors.This is how the islands from the shame of necessity plow themselves this is the seasonal erosion of their identity (Walcott, 1992). Walcott writes, Visitors to the Caribbean must feel that they are inhabiting a succession of postcards. The Caribbean is like a Botanical Gardens, as if the sky were a glass ceiling under which colonized vegetation is arranged for quiet down walks and carriage rides (Walcott, 1992). The hidden beauty of the Caribbean is unknown by travelers (tourist) but known by citizens. The Caribbean seasons are like an unending summer of the tropics not even poverty or poetry seems capable of being hidden because the nature around it is so exultant, so resolutely ecstatic, like its music, thats a perfect description of how the Caribbean is and not a postcard that tells a zillion words but the true essence of its culture, its people and its way of life.In conclusion, A culture based on joy is bound to be shallow (Walcott, 1992). Walcott speaks on how we take our culture, the people and the beauty and wonders of the Caribbean for granted. The Caribbean belong to us and we should portray it, not as a postcard, but a symbol of our heritage, our culture, our place of birth, as the song goes by Eric Donaldson this is the land of my birth, in essence, the Caribbean is the land of our birth and Caribbean people should not only express themselves when they are away from home, but should do so all the time. And in doing so, it should not be half represented. They should speak the true facts and paint the true picture of the land.

Treaty Breaches and the U.S Government

Treaty Breaches and the U.S GovernmentThe gravidest danger to American freedom is a government that ignores the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson. Since the first contact with the Europeans, native battalions in the U.S stupefy been battling with powerful government bodies and have repeatedly lost. Looking back to blush before the founding of the Union, native populations have went to war against the progressive, overpowering and belittling nature of the government and have walked away with disease, famine and useless treaties. It is these sulfurous roots that have affected the native nations in the U.S even today. employment scars of decades past can still be seen on reservations throughout the f entirely in States. This isnt a game of finders keepers, there removes to be a sightly way to allocate rights and privileges for our nations endemic populations, different than those weak treaties and broken promises that were the mutual way of business in our history. Recent news shows the blatant bring down of native populations in South Dakota with the Dakota Access Pipeline. This is just one of many actions taken by the U.S government that completely goes against treaties explicitly written to protect those nations. The spot light is now shining brightly on the professorship and the governing body. Now is the time to reveal all the shadows cast on agreement breaches, and finally bring to light all the malpractices and wrongdoings conducted in our bulky nations history.As defined by Websters Dictionary, Treaty, is a term that describes a switch off in writing between two or more than governmental authorities ( such as states or sovereigns) formally signed by representatives duly authorized and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the state. obligate II, Section II and Clause II of the U.S Constitution, clearly explains the role of treaties and how to bring and manage them within the Constitution. (1). In order to get along a change o ver for the better, we essential understand how treaties be make and how they be handled within our government. By reason this, we can start to spread the word and educate more people so the bang is broadcasted across the masses. Once people atomic number 18 informed, they can decide to make a change. By exposing the treaty breaches, and understanding how things should be handled, only then can we start to reverse and rewriter the wrongdoings done by the U.S government. Additionally, supporters ilk myself of the native nations agree that these treaty breaches are a direct violation of the 1st amendment. The 1st amendment reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise so or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. (2). By neglecting to constitute treaties set up to protect Indian land, culture and well- being, the U.S Government is in direct violation of the very systems they fought to create. Yes, separating ourselves from the tyrant of Great Britain is fine and all, alone it represents nothing if we act the same way as our originator crown and oppress and annihilate our native populations.We all know that as U.S citizens, we must abide and play along the laws written in the Constitution. That being said, when the treaties in the mid 1800s were written and passed, they allowed certain unalienable rights to federally recognized indigenous nations. These federally recognized tribes were placed on reservations and were allowed to have a narrate law system than the state they reside in. However, these nations must still follow the U.S Constitution and are subject to federal discretion.When looking at an issue of this magnitude, many people allow for command how it affects the common good of our nation. We shouldnt ask how it affects us, we should ask how we can back up t o diffuse the situation and clear tenseness between the native peoples and the U.S government. As a nation, we must understand that the treaty agreements were put in place to compensate for a loss of a way of life, land, and government control in the Indian nations. For the sake of our nation, we must come together and solve the issues relating to the mistreatment of our Native American friends. There is a misconception regarding the natives receiving special treatment form the government. Its quite the opposite. We need to educate those, and help bridge the gap between enrolled tribal members and white America. Instead of separate native people as a different group of people, we need to shuck the mentality of our ancestors and combine cultures and mentalities to ensure the common good of our great country is upheld.Is oil production more important than the destruction of primary ecosystems, destruction of reservation land, and the possibility of contaminating an entire watershed ? non to mention the further destruction of indigenous culture and political scandal. We are in trying times. This is the question millions of Native Americans are asking themselves as they protest against the courseing of the Dakota Access Pipeline. The tribe has led protests that drew hundreds and at times thousands of people who dubbed themselves water protectors to an encampment near the crossing. (3). The crease protestors all believe that the oil line forget only bring harm. This has been such a large controversy, that like other native-white clashes, there have been lawsuits filed and thoroughgoing rights questioned. The most recent court case was February 9th, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe vs. U.S forces Corps of engineers. (4). The Cheyenne Sioux filed to halt the operations on reservation land. Proponents of the pipeline say that the economic well-being is very high, and that this project will benefit the whole region. Whether youre for the pipeline or in complete oppo sition like most of the U.Ss native population, its important to take into consideration both sides of the argument.The greatest danger to American freedom is a government that ignores the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson. We lurch be successful as a nation if we are incessantly questioning our government. If we as citizens are in doubt of our freedom, then the speech written on that sheet of parchment paper in 1776 mean nothing, much how natives see the treaties in that document as well, meaningless phrases and gauze-like promises. We have struggled in civil wars and recent terrorist attacks that have sparked nationalism and made Americans value their way of life. We cant keep disregarding the native populations and hoping they will just roll over and take it. The founders of America had a dream, build an empire where people could be free, and enjoy natural rights. I figure our government has lost sight of that dream. The constant oppression and mistreatment of American Indians is a mindset over a hundred years old. When we open our minds and to the full understand how the Constitution can guide us all is when we will truly unite as one nation. Lets not be stuck in General Custers mindset, we dont have to march hastily into impending doom. We are in a position to slow down, think about the future, help salve the past, and come together as a nation to ensure that the U.S will always be the Home of the Free Because of the Brave.Works citedhttp//www.heritage.org/constitution//articles/2/essays/90/treaty-clausehttps//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendmenthttp//www.mprnews.org/story/2017/02/07/army-to-allow-completion-of-dakota-access-oil-pipeline?gclid=Cj0KEQiAw_DEBRChnYiQ_562gsEBEiQA4LcssiBXm0J7aiNNNLTnP3uZmBUTyOoiyI0EmJt-fGk-A7caAreL8P8HAQhttps//www.law360.com/articles/890286